Yini i-LAN?; Umbuzo abaningi abawubuzile, uqukethe inethiwekhi yendawo, lapho ungaxhuma khona amadivayisi ahlukile usebenzisa inethiwekhi efanayo. Funda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko ngokufunda i-athikili elandelayo.
Yini i-LAN?
Leli gama limelela uhlobo lokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Amadivayisi axhunyiwe abizwa ngokuthi ama-node futhi axhumeka kuseva ehlanganisa indawo encane. Isetshenziselwa izindawo ezinjengamahhovisi, izakhiwo ezincane, amakamelo nama-cybers amancane. Ukuxhumeka kwe-LAN kwenziwa ngezinhlelo ezingenantambo ezikuvumela ukuthi wakhe amanethiwekhi amakhulu abizwa ngamanethiwekhi we-WAN abanzi.
Incazelo yayo esiNgisini ithi «Local Area Network», ngeSpanishi «Local Area Network». Amakhompyutha aseduze angaxhunywa ngohlelo lokuxhuma okwakungokokuqala ngezintambo. Ngabo ungashintshanisa amafayela, idatha nolwazi. Ukuxhumana okwenziwe ngentambo kubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-Ethernet.
Lokhu kuxhumana kwenziwa ngedivayisi ebizwa nge-router. Olunye uxhumano olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwenziwa ngamagagasi angenantambo abizwa nge-WLAN. Yize kungukuxhumeka okufanayo, kunenzuzo yokungasebenzisi izintambo. Basebenzele ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana.
historia
Uma bezibuza ukuthi yini i-LAN?, Into enengqondo kunazo zonke ukuphendula ukuthi imele uhlobo lobuchwepheshe obuqale ukwakhiwa kusukela eminyakeni yama-70. Ngaleso sikhathi ezinye izikhungo namakolishi atholakala eNew York City; Banikana imininingwane ngokuxhumana okulula phakathi kwekhompyutha eyodwa nenye.
Lolu hlelo lusebenze njengesivivinyo seChase Manhattan Bank eNew York ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s. Ukuxhumana kwakho kwangaphakathi kuzoqala ukusebenza kusetshenziswa ukuxhumana kwe-LAN. Ngokushesha izinkampani eziningi zaqala ukwamukela le ndlela yokudlulisa imininingwane.
Kwavumela ezinye izinkampani ukuba zikhule ngokushesha; ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ngokushesha. Ngawo-80 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-90, amanethiwekhi wohlobo lwe-LAN ayesekhule kakhulu. Kusiza kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamanethiwekhi e-intanethi ekuqaleni konyaka 2000.
Kwabe sekuqala isikhathi sokuxhumana. Lapho intuthuko nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kusebenzise uhlelo ukuxhuma amakhompyutha ahlukahlukene kanye namaseva emhlabeni jikelele. Njengamanje imele ithuluzi elidingeka kakhulu ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene zezinkampani nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Utility
Lapho abantu bebuza ukuthi yini i-LAN, bayohlala bathola impendulo eqondile ehlobene namanethiwekhi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kusekelwe ekuxhumaneni kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Ukuze uthuthukise ikhwalithi nokukhiqiza ekusebenzeni. Yonke inkampani encane noma enkulu inokuxhumeka kwe-LAN. Okukuvumela ukuthi usungule futhi ufeze izinhloso zokusebenza kwemisebenzi yakho.
Ngokufanayo, i-LAN ikuvumela ukuthi unciphise izindleko, wenze izinqubo zibe lula futhi uthuthukise izinhlelo zomsebenzi ezintsha. Amakhompyutha axhumene ne-LAN angashintshanisa idatha phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Ngakho-ke futhi kusho ukonga okuhlobene nokukhishwa kwamavawusha, amadokhumenti namashidi wamaphepha. Ukwakhiwa kwamanethiwekhi we-LAN kulula kakhulu.
Ivumela ukushintshaniswa kolwazi nedatha ngokushesha futhi kalula. Isondlo silungele ukwenziwa njalo. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ayivumeli amaseva ukuthi alayishe kabusha imininingwane. Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokusebenzela kwenza kube lula ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuthi uma iphathwa ngawodwana kuzokwakha ithrafikhi engadingekile kuseva, ukubambezela imisebenzi.
Izinhlobo
Lobu buchwepheshe benziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqalisa. Umehluko ukwizinhlobo zokuxhuma. Kubizwa emhlabeni wamakhompiyutha ngokuthi "ama-topologies" okungeyona enye into ngaphandle kokusungulwa kwendlela ama-node wokuxhumana axhumene ngayo namadivayisi ahlukile.
Kungalungiswa futhi kucatshangelwa imvelo yendawo. Yini okusiza ukumisa uhlelo ngokuya ngezidingo. Kepha ake sibheke ukuthi ukuxhumana kusatshalaliswa kanjani, sizozama ukusebenzisa ulimi oluncane lobuchwepheshe. Ngendlela evumela umfundi ukuthi aqonde lobu buchwepheshe obumangazayo.
Inkanyezi emise
Kuyi-topology lapho ama-node akuyo okuthiwa yi-central HUB. Yikuphi uhlobo lokwamukela noma ubuchopho, lapho wonke ama-node axhunyiwe. Ingxenye ngayinye yedatha noma imininingwane idlula kulobu buchopho futhi ibuqondise kukhompyutha ebhekiswe kuyo. Isixhumanisi bese sikhiqizwa kusuka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-node ngayinye kanye nobuchopho be-HUB.
Inzuzo yalolu hlobo lokuxhuma ukuthi ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi akwazi ukuxhumana ngqo ne-HUB. Ukuthola yonke imininingwane edingekayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Okubi kulolu hlobo lohlelo kulapho kwenziwa ukumiswa ngakunye. Ikhawulela izilungiselelo zokuqala zoxhumano lwe-digital LAN.
Inzuzo yalokhu kulungiswa kabusha ukuthi ayithinti ngqo okunye ukuxhumana futhi ukugeleza kwedatha kugcinwa kulula futhi kuyashesha. Akuthinti ngisho nenethiwekhi yonke futhi kusungula ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili phakathi kobuchopho nomsebenzisi.
Ukukhala
Kuyindlela yokuxhumana ehlobene nokuma kwendandatho. Le topology ibonakala ngokufaka ikhebuli ye-loop evaliwe evumela ukuxhumana okuqondile ukuthi kusungulwe phakathi kwensimbi nenye. Lokhu kuvumela ikhompyutha ngayinye ukuthi ixhumane namadivayisi amabili ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuhamba kwedatha kuhlukile kakhulu njengoba idatha ihamba ngendlela eyodwa kuphela.
Ngalesi sizathu, azisakhombisi inkomba, okungamela ububi. Ukuqaliswa kulula kepha ukuxhumeka kabusha kwawo wonke ama-node kuphazamisa ukuhamba kwe-loop. Kwesinye isikhathi lolu hlobo lokuxhuma luphazamisa okunye ukuxhumana kwi-LAN imizuzwana embalwa. Ukuba yinto ephazamisayo kwezinye izindawo.
Ngebhasi
Ingesinye sezixhumanisi ezinamandla kakhulu nezanamuhla ze-LAN. Ivumela ukusungula ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili nama-typologies. It is configured through a cable called «Backbone» exhuma kuzo zonke izintambo. Lokhu kuvumela wonke amadivayisi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi. Uma kwenziwa ngezintambo ibizwa nge-Ethernet. Lapho i-node ngayinye ixhumana ngqo nomunye.
Ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi inenzuzo yokuba nobuchwepheshe obungenantambo. Idizayini nokuhlelwa kwayo kulula futhi akudingi ubuchwepheshe obuningi. Phakathi kokubi kwayo ubunzima obuvelayo lapho kuvela inkinga yokusebenza. Kulokhu, ukudluliswa kufanele kumiswe okwesikhashana ngoba ukuhlelwa okumaphakathi kuncike kukhebula elilodwa.
Yezihlahla
Kuyinhlanganisela yezinkanyezi nezimo zebhasi. Izindawo zokusebenza zixhuma kuma-HUB aphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kulawula ukuxhumana nokudluliswa ngekhebula elilodwa elilula izinqubo. Ukuvumela ukunikeza uketshezi oluthe xaxa kwezokuxhumana, kubizwa ngokuthi kukhompyutha "uxhumano lwe-hybrid".
Izingxenye ze-LAN
Inani lezinto noma imidiya exhunywe kwinethiwekhi akuyona imikhawulo yabaphathi benethiwekhi nabathuthukisi. Lapho kwakhiwa inethiwekhi ye-LAN, uchungechunge lwezinto eziyisisekelo kufanele lubhekwe oluzovumela ikusasa; yazi ikhwalithi yokudluliswa nokusebenza kohlelo.
Ukuxhumeka ngakunye kwe-LAN kufanele kubheke ukuthi ukugeleza okungakanani okuzothunyelwa enkampanini ethile noma enkampanini ethile. Kunezinkampani lapho ukugeleza kwehlukahluka futhi ukumiswa kwezakhi zalo kwenziwa ngenye indlela. Ngakho-ke, ukwahlukahluka kulokhu kulungiselelwa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi iziphi izifaki zenethiwekhi okufanele zikhumbule. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
I-NIC
Iqukethe ikhadi lesikhombimsebenzisi esivumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumeke kunethiwekhi ye-LAN. Ngempela kuyindlela inqubo engenziwa ngayo. Yonke ikhompyutha nedivayisi kufanele kube nohlelo lwe-NOC. Ngaphandle kwalokhu; isistimu ngeke ikwazi ukwenza ukuxhumana okudingekayo. Ngokufana, uhlelo lwe-LAN kufanele lube nababizwa ngokuthi abalawuli.
Lezi yisoftware encane efakwe kumadivayisi ngenhloso yokubethela futhi ixhuma amadivayisi ne-LAN emaphakathi. Zihlanganisiwe ohlelweni, kepha kufanele zihambisane njalo namakhadi enethiwekhi. Lokho kwesinye isikhathi kukhiqiza ithrafikhi lapho iguquka, ayishintshwa.
Ukuxhumana
Inethiwekhi ye-LAN kufanele ikunake ukuthi uhlelo lokuxhuma kufanele lusungulwe phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Eminyakeni ethile eyedlule, amakhompiyutha afaka amadivayisi ayexhunywe ngamaphasiwedi: avumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo.
Phambilini, bekungaqapheleka ukuthi ngemuva kwemishini kwakukhona inani elikhulu lezintambo. Lokhu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaqala ukudala inkinga. Ngakho-ke ngokufika kwenethiwekhi engenantambo, ukuxhumana kwavumela isikhala esiningi nokuhamba okuningi kunikezwe abasebenzisi. Uhlelo lokuxhuma luvumela futhi ukusungula ukuxhumana namanye amadivayisi, njengamathebulethi. Amafoni namaselula
Ukuxhumeka kwe-LAN bese kuba inethiwekhi encane yokusabalalisa idatha lapho ukucushwa kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule ngempela ukuthi ngubani ongaba ku-inthanethi. Ukuxhuma kuyisisekelo se-LAN futhi kuphendula umbuzo othi yini i-LAN?
Hardware
Amadivayisi avumela ukwamukelwa kwamasignali edatha angaba izinhlobo ezimbili. Okuyisisekelo nokuzikhethela. Njalo ucabangela uhlobo lwenethiwekhi, usizo lwayo lungasungulwa. Kwesinye isikhathi sibona ngamadivayisi athile ukuthi anokulinganiselwa ekuxhumaneni kwawo. Kufanele kubuyekezwe ukuze bakulungele ngempela. Kepha ake sibone ukuthi ziyini lezo zixhobo zehadiwe
Okubalulekile
Kuyithuluzi eliqukethe amaswishi, ama-routers, nama-hub okuthiwa. Umsebenzi wawo ukuxhuma amadivayisi ahlukahlukene atholakala kunethiwekhi. Zimelela ingxenye ebonakalayo yoxhumano lwe-LAN. Kanye nezintambo, kuyisisekelo sokuxhuma. Bamukela futhi bacubungule idatha efinyelela kumakhompyutha.
Ongakukhetha
Luhlobo lwehadiwe abasebenzisi abahlanganyela ngalo kakhulu kunethiwekhi. Azibalulekile futhi ziyadingeka njengangaphambili, zikulungele ukwenza eminye imisebenzi. Phakathi kwabo sinamaphrinta, ifeksi nezingcingo. Basebenza njengabasizi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi. Uma zingaxhunyiwe, zingadala ukwanda kwezimoto emahhovisi.
Isoftware yenethiwekhi
Yonke inethiwekhi yendawo kufanele ilungiselelwe ukuvumela imisebenzi eminingi ukuthi yenziwe ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kudinga isoftware eyanele ngokwanele. Emakethe kunezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezisiza abathuthukisi kanye nochwepheshe benethiwekhi ukwenza lula izinqubo.
Ubudlelwano bale software kumele bucabangele ukumiswa kwehadiwe ngalinye. Umqondo ukudala inethiwekhi elula futhi esheshayo. Lapho ukungavumelani namadivayisi kungavimbi ukuhanjiswa.
Indlela yokuxhuma
Wonke amanethiwekhi wesimanje wokuxhuma asendaweni anezinhlobo ezingenantambo ze-WIFI. Abanye basalondoloza ukuxhumana kwabo kohlobo lwe-Ethernet. Okuthi kwabaningi kuvele ukuthi kuphephe futhi kunokwethenjelwa. Ukuxhumeka kwe-WIFI kuvame ukuguquguquka kwesinye isikhathi. Ngakho-ke yize ubusha futhi usebenza.
Ngokufanayo, ukuxhumana kwe-WIFI kunebanga elincane, akudluli amamitha ambalwa lapho lapho kudlula ibanga elithile ukudluliswa kulahleka ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke ingakhiqiza izimo ezingathandeki ekudlulisweni. Noma kunjalo, akulimazi ukugcina zombili izindlela zokuxhuma.
Amasiginali we-WiFi kumele avikelwe ngamaphasiwedi, ngoba kwezinye izimo kukhokhwa ushintsho nokusakazwa kokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi. Umphumela ube ezinye izindleko zenkampani. Amaphoyinti okufinyelela asebenza nge-router ebanzi.
Ngamanye amagama, ivumela ukuthi irediyasi yokuxhuma inwetshwe ngendlela eqondisayo. Lokhu kukusiza ukuthi uxhume noma yikuphi lapho ikhava yedivayisi yakho yokusakaza ikhona. Ngokuvamile ukuxhumana okunentambo kunqunyelwe ngoxhumano olunentambo.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkampani zibheke indlela yokwelula ukuthunyelwa zisebenzisa amamitha amaningi wekhebula. Umqondo ukuthatha ukuxhumana kwezinye izindawo ezikude kakhulu. Amaseva angasebenza njengabaphindayo bokudlulisa futhi ngisho nokuxhumana okuthile kuvame ukusebenzisa izintambo zocingo, ukuxhumana namaseva namadivayisi akude kakhulu.
Ukubaluleka
Ukuncika kwanamuhla ekuxhumekeni okungenantambo emahhovisi, emakhaya nasezindaweni zokuhweba. Benze abasebenzisi abaningi baba nokuxhumeka kohlobo lwe-LAN okusebenziseka kalula noma kuphi. Akunandaba ukuthi bakuphi emhlabeni. Akumangazi ukubona abantu abaningi bexhumana ngamadivayisi eselula besebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-WIFI.
Kungumthetho ukuya endlini yomngani bese ucela iphasiwedi yedivayisi yomzila ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi. Ngendlela efanayo, iminyango yezitolo ezisezitolo zezitolo ixhunywe ohlelweni. Okubavumela ukuthi bathole imininingwane ephathelene nomunye umnyango.
Ngamafuphi, umbuzo othi Yini i-LAN? Ingaphendulwa futhi lapho sinikeza incazelo nesitayela endleleni entsha yokuphila yomuntu. Ubudlelwano obuqondile nokuxhumana bungenye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe eminyakeni yamuva. Eminyakeni engama-30 nje edlule, bekungekho ukutholakala ngokushesha kwemicimbi nezindaba ezenzeka kwelinye izwe.
Ukubaluleka kokuxhumana nombuzo othi Yini i-LAN? bakhonza ukusungula ukuthi namuhla singathembela kulwazi oluqondile. Amanethiwekhi asendaweni ahlehlisa ukusebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ngaso sonke isikhathi eshiya angaziwa kwawo kolunye uhlangothi lokwazi.
Uma uyithandile le ndatshana, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele ingosi yethu ngokuchofoza izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:
Yini ikhompiyutha yamafu? Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo
Ungaxhuma kanjani iphrinta yenethiwekhi?