Ukulahlekelwa yizwi lakho noma ikhono lokuthayipha umlayezo olula kungasho, kumuntu ohlushwa yi- ukukhubazeka okukhuluLokhu kungaphezu nje kokulinganiselwa ngokomzimba: kuhilela ukubona ukuzimela kwabo, ubudlelwano, futhi, ngezinga elikhulu, izinhlelo zabo zokuphila zincipha. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa bugxile kule nkinga, bufuna izindlela zokuba laba bantu baphinde baxhumane ngaphandle kokuthembela ezinhlelweni ezihamba kancane nezikhathazayo.
Kulesi simo, ithimba locwaningo lase-US liphumelele ukuhlola i- isikhombikubona sobuchopho nekhompyutha esingatshalwa ikwazi ukuguqula ukunyakaza kweminwe kube umbhalo kukhibhodi ebonakalayo. Le divayisi, esesesigabeni sokuhlola, ihlolwe kubantu ababili abanokukhubazeka okucishe kube ngokuphelele futhi ifinyelele isivinini sokuthayipha kanye namazinga okunemba asondele kakhulu kulawo omuntu ongenazo izinkinga zokunyakaza.
I-neuroprosthesis ehumusha imizamo yokuthayipha ibe izinhlamvu
Lo msebenzi usayinwe ososayensi abavela ku- I-Institute of Neuroscience Mass General Brigham, eBoston, kanye nase- Inyuvesi yaseBrownabebelokhu bebambisana iminyaka eminingi enhlanganweni yeBrainGate, okuwuhlelo olugxile ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana kobuchopho nekhompyutha kwabantu abakhubazekileUcwaningo olusha, olushicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi i-Nature Neuroscience, luchaza i-neuroprosthesis yokubhala engashukumisi i-cursor, kodwa kunalokho ithembele kukhibhodi ye-QWERTY evamile njengendawo yokuqala.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, abacwaningi bafaka izinzwa ze-microelectrode ku-motor cortexIsifunda sobuchopho esihilelekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwezandla neminwe ngokuzithandela. Lawa ma-microelectrode athola umsebenzi kagesi owenzeka lapho umuntu ezama ngengqondo ukuhambisa iminwe yakhe ukuze acindezele ukhiye, yize umzimba ungakwazi ukwenza isenzo ngenxa yokulimala.
Phambi komhlanganyeli kukhonjiswa i- ikhibhodi ejwayelekile ye-QWERTY kuhambisane nokumelwa kweminwe okuhleliwe. Uhlamvu ngalunye luhlotshaniswa nenhlanganisela ethile yezikhundla zeminwe (isibonelo, phezulu, phansi, noma egobile). Uma umsebenzisi ecabanga ngalezi zinyathelo, ama-electrode aqoqa isignali yemizwa bese eyithumela ohlelweni lwekhompyutha olu... ihumusha ibe izinhlamvu zombhalo.
Inqubo ayigcini lapho: umphumela we-decoder udlula ku- imodeli yolimi olubikezelayoNjengesici sokulungisa ngokuzenzakalela kumaselula, kusiza ukulungisa amaphutha nokuqedela amagama, ukuze umusho wokugcina uhambisane futhi uthembeke ngangokunokwenzeka enhlosweni yesiguli.
Iziguli ezimbili ezikhubazekile kakhulu njengecala lokuhlola
Icala lenziwa nabantu ababili abane- ukukhubazeka okuthuthukile kakhuluOmunye wabahlanganyeli one-advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) kanye nomunye one-advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ukulimala komgogodla womlomo wesibeletho okwamenza waba nesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga amane. Bobabili babeyingxenye yohlelo lwezokwelapha lweBrainGate futhi bavuma ukuhlola i-neuroprosthesis entsha yokubhala.
Ngemva kokuhlinzwa kokufakelwa kwe-microelectrode, izisebenzi zokuzithandela zaqeqeshwa isikhashana ngohlelo. Kwathatha cishe Imisho yokulinganisa engu-30 ukuze isofthiwe ikwazi ukulungisa ama-algorithm ayo okubhala ikhodi ukuze avumelane nezimpawu zobuchopho zomuntu ngamunye. Kusukela lapho, bacelwa ukuba babhale imiyalezo besebenzisa kuphela imizamo yabo yokuhambisa iminwe yabo kukhibhodi ebonakalayo eboniswa esikrinini.
Imiphumela yayimangalisa ngesivinini sayo kanye nokunemba kwayo. Omunye wabahlanganyeli wafinyelela isivinini esiphezulu Izinhlamvu ezingu-110 ngomzuzuLokhu kusho ukuthi cishe amagama angu-22 ngomzuzu, kanti izinga lokuphutha kwamagama lingu-1,6%. Leyo ngxenye yephutha ifana neyomuntu othayipha ngesandla kukhibhodi ebonakalayo noma esikrinini se-smartphone.
Isisebenzi sokuzithandela sesibili, esasihlushwa yi-ALS esezingeni eliphezulu futhi sidinga ukuphefumula ngomshini, naso saphumelela khiqiza imisho eqondakalayo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo, nakuba ngesivinini esincane. Endabeni yakhe, ukubaluleka kwentuthuko kuphawuleka kakhulu, njengoba wayeselahlekelwe ngokuphelele ikhono lokukhuluma futhi wayengenakukwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuvamile bokusiza ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu.
Esinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu salolu cwaningo ukuthi zombili iziguli zikwazile sebenzisa idivayisi ekhaya lakhoFuthi hhayi nje kuphela esibhedlela noma endaweni yelebhu kuphela. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, ngentuthuko eyengeziwe, ubuchwepheshe bungafakwa ezinhlelweni zokusekela zansuku zonke ukuze labo abanesifo sokukhubazeka okukhulu bakwazi ukuxhumana besekhaya namalungu omndeni, abanakekeli, noma ochwepheshe bezempilo.
Kungani lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo sihlukile ezinhlelweni zamanje
Namuhla, abantu abaningi abakhubazekile abalawula amehlo bathembele ku- amadivayisi okulandelela amehloLezi zinhlelo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe izinhlamvu noma izithonjana ngokuhambisa amehlo abo esikrinini, kodwa, njengoba kuchazwe yiziguli ngokwazo, ziyashesha, ziyakhathaza ukuzisebenzisa, futhi zivame ukwenza amaphutha. Ezimweni eziningi, abasebenzisi bagcina bezishiyile ngenxa yokukhungatheka ezikubangelayo.
I-neuroprosthesis ye-BrainGate ithatha indlela ehlukile: esikhundleni sokulandelela amehlo noma ukuhambisa i-cursor ngomcabango, igxila ku nquma imizamo yokunyakaza kweminwe kukhibhodi ejwayelene cishe nanoma yimuphi umuntu ofundile. Leli cebo linezinzuzo ezimbili ezicacile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, lisivumela ukuthi sisebenzise inkumbulo yemoto eyakhiwa yiziguli eziningi eminyakeni eminingi yokusebenzisa amakhibhodi angokoqobo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, lenza kube lula ukufeza isivinini sokubhala esiphezulu kunalezo zezinye izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezithuthukisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa, kokubili ekuchazeni isignali ye-neural kanye nemodeli yolimi, kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokunemba ngaphandle kokudinga umzamo omkhulu wokuqonda kumsebenzisi. Umuntu akudingeki "acabange ngezinhlamvu ngazinye," kodwa kunalokho cabanga ngokunyakaza kweminwe yakhe njengoba ebengenza uma ebebhala ngempela.
Ngokusho kwethimba locwaningo, le nhlanganisela yezinzwa ezifakelwa, ukucubungula amasignali okuthuthukisiwe, kanye namamodeli olimi kuguqula ukuxhumana kobuchopho nekhompyutha ngendlela ehlukile eqinile kunezixazululo ezikhona, okungenani eqenjini elithile leziguli ezinokukhubazeka okukhulu ezingatholi impendulo eyanele ezinhlelweni ezivamile.
Indima yenhlangano yeBrainGate kanye nokubikezela kwesikhathi esizayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwale neuroprosthesis kuyingxenye yomsebenzi wenhlangano I-BrainGateI-International Neuroscience Association (INCAA), eyasungulwa ngo-2004, ihlanganisa odokotela bezinzwa, ososayensi bezinzwa, onjiniyela, ososayensi bekhompyutha, odokotela abahlinza izinzwa, ochwepheshe bezibalo, nabanye ochwepheshe abavela ezikhungweni ezahlukene zemfundo. Umgomo wabo ofanayo ukudala ubuchwepheshe obuvumela... buyisa imisebenzi elahlekile kubantu abanezifo zezinzwa, ukulimala komgogodla, noma ukunqunywa kwezitho zomzimba.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, iBrainGate ibonise ezivivinyweni ezilawulwayo ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kobuchopho nekhompyutha kungasetshenziswa lawula izikhombisi, izingalo zerobhothi, noma amadivayisi angaphandle ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wobuchopho. Lesi sinyathelo esishicilelwe manje sigxile kakhulu ekuxhumaneni okubhaliwe, indawo ebalulekile kulabo abalahlekelwe yikhono lokukhuluma kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa ikhibhodi ebonakalayo.
Labo abaphethe lolu cwaningo bagcizelela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busesesigabeni socwaningo. Imibuzo efana nale elandelayo isadinga ukuxazululwa: ukuqina kwezimila, ukuzinza kwezibonakaliso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokuhlinzwa, ukulula kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zasekhaya noma ukufakwa kwazo ekuxhasweni kwezinhlelo zezempilo, kufaka phakathi ezaseYurophu.
Ngisho nalezi zinyathelo zokuqapha, ithimba likholelwa ukuthi le divayisi ivula indlela yokuthi imboni ithuthuke esikhathini esimaphakathi. izinhlobo zezentengiselwano ze-neuroprostheses Ilungiselelwe iziguli ezineziphrofayili ezahlukene zokukhubazeka. Iqembu ligcizelela ukuthi ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zemfundo kanye nezinkampani kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuhumusha le miphumela yokuhlola ibe yizixazululo zangempela zezokwelapha.
Ukubaluleka kweziguli eYurophu kanye nezinselele ezizayo
Nakuba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe e-United States, umthelela walo uthinta ngqo abantu abane- I-ALS, ukulimala komgogodla noma isifo sohlangothi EYurophu, okuhlanganisa neSpain, lapho ukuguga kwabantu kanye nokwanda kwezifo eziwohlokayo zemizwa kuphakamisa isidingo sobuchwepheshe bosizo lokuxhumana unyaka nonyaka.
Ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezifana nezaseSpain, ezinengxenye yomphakathi eqinile, lezi zinhlobo zentuthuko zivame ukuhlolwa hhayi nje kuphela ngokusebenza kwazo kwezokwelapha, kodwa futhi nangokusebenza kwazo. ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nekhono layo lokuhlanganisa kumanethiwekhi okuvuselelwa kwezinzwa kanye nokunakekelwa kwasekhaya. Ithuba lokuthi ukuxhumana kobuchopho namakhompyutha kusebenze ezindaweni zasekhaya lisiza ukusetshenziswa kwazo esikhathini esizayo, uma nje imishini ilula futhi izingxenye zishibhile.
Bebheke phambili eminyakeni ezayo, abacwaningi baphakamisa izindawo eziningana okufanele zithuthukiswe. Enye yazo ihilela ukwethula amakhibhodi enziwe ngokwezifiso noma izinhlelo ze-stenography okuvumela ukuthayipha okusheshayo nakakhulu; okunye, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo ukuzama ukubuyisela ukunyakaza kokufinyelela nokubamba kubantu abanokukhubazeka kwezingalo ezingenhla, besebenzisa amaphethini omsebenzi wezinzwa asevele ekhonjiwe.
Kukhona futhi inkulumo yokuhlanganisa lezi zixhumi namanye amathuluzi okusekela, njengezifundi zesikrini, abasizi bezwi, noma amadivayisi e-automation yasekhaya, ngenhloso yokwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezifinyeleleka kalula kulabo abathembele esihlalweni sabakhubazekile noma abadinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Konke lokhu ngentambo efanayo efanayo: ukuxhumanisa ubuchopho bomuntu nomhlaba omzungezile lapho umzimba wakhe ungasabeli.
Uma sibheka konke, lolu cwaningo olusha lwezokwelapha lubonisa ukuthi isikhombikubona sobuchopho nekhompyutha esingatshalwa Kunganikeza abantu abanokukhubazeka okukhulu uhlobo lokuxhumana olubhaliwe olusheshayo, olunembile, noluzinzile ngokwanele ukuba lusetshenziswe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, okuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiya ezixazululweni ezingagcini nje ngokwandisa impilo kodwa futhi ezivumela abantu ukuba baphile ngokuzimela okukhulu kanye nekhono lokuxhumana nabanye.