Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamamonitha atholakalayo namuhla zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe elifanele izidingo zabo. Lesi sihloko sizokutshela ngamamonitha abaluleke kakhulu nezici zawo.
Izinhlobo zabaqaphi: Umqondo nezici
Abaqaphi babizwa ngamadivayisi wokukhipha okuphathelene nomhlaba wekhompyutha. Ziqukethe isikrini esiyingxenye yesixhumi esibonakalayo esivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abuke ngemifanekiso, yonke imisebenzi nemisebenzi eyenziwa kukhompyutha. Izinhlobo zabaqaphi zimelela namuhla indlela yokwazisa imvelo nezinqubo umuntu azidingayo emhlabeni wanamuhla.
Abaqaphi banezici namandla ahlukene; kule ndatshana uzokwazi ukwazi konke okuphathelene nabo. Namuhla ziyingxenye yempilo nempilo yabantu abaningi. Izinhlobo zabaqaphi zigcina ukuxhumana kwamehlo nomsebenzisi futhi kuyisixhumanisi esixhumanisa imibono nemicabango nekhompyutha.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabaqaphi okuthe kancane kancane zashintsha ngendlela enjalo; lapho ukuqapha kulezi zinsuku kungasetshenziswa njengethelevishini, njengesikrini se-pc, futhi njengenye indlela yezikhangiso. Ukuguquguquka lapho ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo zabaqaphi kuthuthukiswe kukhulu kakhulu.
Sikumema ukuthi uvakashele lesi sihloko esibanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphaneli okuqapha emidlalo yevidiyo noma ama-monitor emidlalo ngokuchofoza kulesi sixhumanisi i-tn-vs-ips-vs-va lapho uzothola khona incazelo enhle kakhulu ngayinye.
Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ubuchwepheshe bethelevishini baqala ukuvela emakethe yomhlaba. Ekuqaleni akubanga nomthelela abaningi ababewulindele. Lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lwalugxekwa kabanzi futhi ongoti babengakholelwa ngempela ukuthi lungahamba luze lufike futhi alulunikanga amathuba amaningi entuthuko.
Ngonyaka we-1923 kwavela umabonakude wokuqala omnyama nomhlophe, owathi kancane kancane waqala ukubekwa emphakathini. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili eyalandela, umthelela owaba nawo emakethe yomhlaba wawumangalisa, wandisa umkhiqizo nentuthuko emhlabeni wonke.
Ngawo-40 kwaqhamuka isibonisi sombala we-TV, esenza ukuthi kube lula ukwandisa ubuchwepheshe futhi kuthuthukiswe umhlaba wezokuxhumana. Kusukela lapho ukuguquka kwethelevishini kwaqala ukuguqula umhlaba futhi kuzocacisa ukuthuthuka kolwazi.
Izikrini zokuqala
Ngaseminyakeni yama-60s, ithelevishini yahlanganiswa, kanye nayo i-monitor noma i-screen nayo yazalwa, okwakuyimpilo yethelevishini. Ukukhishwa kwezithombe buqamama kuvunyelwe ukudala indlela yokubona impilo yehluke kakhulu kunendlela okwakubonwe ngayo kuze kube manje. Kancane kancane yavela yaze yafinyelela ezinsukwini zethu.
Ngokuzalwa kwekhompyutha, abaqaphi bathatha ireferensi yobuchwepheshe bethelevishini, ukukhombisa esikrinini izinqubo ezenziwa kumakhompyutha. Ngemuva kwalokho amadivayisi okuqala abizwa nge-UDV noma i-Visual Presentation Unit ayavela.
Ngo-1964, i-plasma screen yasungulwa e-University of Illinois e-USA; Kususelwa enqubweni lapho iseli elincane le-phosphorus kanye namagesi akhethekile anjenge-ion nezinhlayiya ezingathathi hlangothi zihlangana ne-cathode. Oxhumana naye ukhiqiza igesi enemibala emithathu ebangelwa i-phosphor evumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ukuze yakhe imibala ehlukile.
Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe abubonanga kukhanya kuze kube unyaka ka-2000 lapho kuvela amathelevishini athile kwezinye izindawo. kukhombisa ukwehluka ekuxazululeni izithombe kanye nencazelo yokuqagela.
80's
Lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zazinesikrini esakhelwe ngaphakathi nekhibhodi, esasixhunywe kwimishini yamakhompiyutha esheshayo ngawo-80. Zaziyizikrini ezinemibala emibili ezazikhombisa umbhalo oluhlaza kuphela nesizinda sesikrini esimnyama.
I-Apple Company, ebiqala ukukhombisa imishini yokuqala yekhompyutha, ikhiphe umabonakude weCRT obizwa nge-Apple II emakethe ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80. Isetshenziselwe ukubamba iqhaza emidlalweni ehlukahlukene yevidiyo.
I-IBM yethule ikhompyutha yokuqala ye-CRT ngo-1981. Yayinezingxenye ezintathu: i-monitor ye-CRT, ikhibhodi , kanye ne-CPU. Nakuba yayingajwayelekile, lezi zingxenye zahlukaniswa ngamakhebula, njengoba i-CPU yayinkulu kakhulu futhi yayingenakuxhunywa ngqo kwamanye amadivayisi.
Ngokufika kwama-PC wedeskithophu nawo aqaliswe yi-IBM, ama-adaptha emifanekiso noma i-CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) ayavela. Lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zivumela ukubonisa imibala emine, zazinesinqumo esingu-320 x 200. Ngo-1984 inkampani efanayo yathuthukisa i-monitor evumela ukuphuma kwemibala efinyelela ku-16, enesixazululo samaphikseli angama-640 x 350.
Inkampani ye-IBM iqhubeke nokuthuthukisa nokuguqula umhlaba wezamakhompiyutha nowekhompyutha. Ngakho-ke ngo-1987 yethula umqaphi obizwa nge-VGA (Video Graphics Adapter).
Lesi sikrini saklanywa ikhompyutha entsha ye-PS/2. Lesi sibonisi sasibonisa imibala engu-256 futhi sasinesisombululo sesikrini esingu-640 kanye no-480 pixels. Lesi sibonisi sasebenza njengesilinganiso sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhompyutha futhi manje sesiyingxenye ejwayelekile yamakhompyutha.
Izikhathi ezingama-90 nezamanje
Ukuqala kwaleli shumi leminyaka, kuvela ama-XGA kanye nama-UXGA monitors, aguqule imakethe yokubonisa. Babenamandla okukhipha imibala engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-16 futhi isinqumo sifinyelele kuma-megapixel angama-800 x 600. Lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zazinencazelo ephezulu kakhulu kamuva eyaguqukela kumadivayisi wokubonisa alandelayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Ngonyaka ka-2000, ubuchwepheshe base buthuthukile futhi baqala ukudala ama-liquid screen monitors afana nama-LDCs, aqale aba nesisombululo sama-megapixels ayi-1600 x1200 kanye namandla okucubungula imibala engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-17. Iso lomuntu linamandla okucubungula imibala eyizigidi eziyi-10 kuphela.
Njengamanje, ukuhamba nokuthuthuka kwabaqaphi kuyaqhubeka nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Baye bakha ngisho nabaqaphi abagobekayo, abasobala abangasetshenziswa kuphela ngekhompyutha; kunalokho, ahlelwe ukuthi asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zobungcweti ezifana nesayensi, ezemidlalo, i-astronomy, phakathi kokunye.
Basebenza kanjani futhi benzelwe ini?
Abaqaphi basebenza namuhla ngokuya ngezimpawu nezidingo zomsebenzisi. Iningi lisebenza ngohlelo lokuxhuma lwama-microcircuits olusebenze ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene. Zibhekiswa futhi zivulwe ngezinkinobho ezitholakala ezinhlangothini noma kwenye indawo efanayo.
Zingasetshenziswa nangezilawuli kude uma zisetshenziswa njengamathelevishini. Endabeni yabaqaphi bekhompyutha, izikrini zivumela ukunikela ngokuhlukahluka nokuphathwa ngemiyalo etholakala ohlelweni lokusebenza. Noma kunjalo, futhi banamamenyu asebenzisanayo angasetshenziswa ngokuthinta isikrini.
Lezi ezibizwa ngama-touch monitors yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, futhi ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa ngisho nakumadivayisi eselula amaningi ahlakaniphile. Izinhlobo zabaqaphi ziyasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zempilo yomphakathi. Kwezokwelapha, emasikweni, kubuchwepheshe be-cinema, emhlabeni we-aeronautical nakuzo zonke izindawo zokusekela noma zokuthuthuka komuntu ziyithuluzi eliyisisekelo.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kanye nokusebenza kwazo kuncike ezidingweni zokusebenza zenkampani, inhlangano, noma umuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, ekubaleni, zakha ingxenye yeqoqo lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu. Kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zokusebenza, zisivumela ukuthi senze izenzo ezifana nalezi:
- Bukela ama-movie
- Funda izincwadi
- Bheka ihluzo
- Lungisa amadokhumenti futhi ubheke isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
- Hlola ama-imeyili
- Xhuma ku-inthanethi nakuwo wonke amanethiwekhi omphakathi
- Thuthukisa imisebenzi yokwakha, ukuklama nobuciko ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezibandakanya ukudweba, imidwebo, ukwakheka.
- Bheka izithombe
Abaqaphi abahlukahlukene
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-monitor ekhompyutha asetshenziswa nsuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele. Amanye athuthuke kakhulu kunezinye, kodwa wonke ayingxenye yohlu oluhlukahlukene lwama-monitor asetshenziswayo. Ukwakheka kwawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu.
Ngokobuchwepheshe zihlukaniswa yizinqubo ze-elekthronikhi ezisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene njengokukhanya ketshezi, amaphikseli amancane, izingxenye ze-monochrome. Lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zinikeze ukuvela okubalulekile emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhompyutha, ake sibone amamodeli.
Thinta
Babe nokukhula okukhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ubuchwepheshe beTouch buvumela amadivayisi eselula, amaphilisi, amakhompyutha, nezikrini ezahlukahlukene ukuthi zisebenze ngokuthepha kuzona. Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kusekelwe ngokuthepha indawo esibukweni ukwenza isenzo. Zakhiwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-10s futhi ukuqhuma kwazo kwafika maphakathi nawo-90.
Zingenye yezinto ezintsha kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Bavunyelwe ukufaka esikhundleni sezenzo eziningi ezenziwa kukhibhodi ebonakalayo. Isikrini sokuthinta sivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi afake imininingwane ohlelweni bese wona ethola umphumela ngaleyo ndlela ngokumane athinte isikrini.
Kwaqala ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000 ngenkathi zisetshenziswa ngepensela elincane elenza isenzo sisebenze ngokucindezela isikrini. Izikrini zokuthinta zifakwa ngaphakathi kwabaqaphi be-LCD. Ziyingxenye yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi ibonwa cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yomphakathi.
Ukusuka emabhange kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu nezimboni zezemidlalo, basebenzisa lezi zinsiza. Abaqaphi bangaba ngezinhlobo eziningana: Resistive, capacitive kanye ne-infrared; umehluko phakathi kwazo yincazelo yesinqumo, ikhwalithi nokumelana nesithombe.Ngokusho kwalezi zici, inani lalo lingahluka.
digital
Bangabaqaphi abaguquke kusukela kuma-90's futhi bangahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: Abaqaphi bohlobo lwe-VGA, olwenziwe yi-IBM ngeminyaka yama-80. Basize ukwethula izinqumo ezicacile zokubukwa. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, kwafika abaqaphi be-SVGA, amagama abo ngesiNgisi yi-Super Video Graphics Array.
Laba baqaphi bazalwa ngeminyaka yama-90s futhi benza umehluko ezindabeni zokuxazululwa. Ukufika kwayo emakethe kusivumele ukuthi sazise izithombe ezichazwe kahle, lapho isinqumo sifinyelele kuma-megapixel angama-800 x 600.
I-LCD
IsiNgisi sibiza i-Liquid Crystal Display. Zingama-monitors anokucaca kokusebenza ngohlelo lwe-liquid crystal. Ubuhle balezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi ukuthi zikhanya kakhulu futhi zilula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabo kuncane kakhulu futhi basiza ukukhulisa izithombe ngendlela ecacile ngobuchwepheshe babo.
Uhlelo lusebenza ngokubonisa ukukhanya ngengilazi encane. Lokhu kuthola ukukhanya ngendlela exakile bese kukuhlela kube amachashazi amancane kakhulu aphuma ngesimo samaphikseli we-monochrome.
Bese bevumela ukwakha umsebe omncane wokukhanya odluliselwa ngaphandle. Iphikseli ngayinye ilawulwa yi-microprocessor elawula imibala. Izithombe ezikrinini ze-LCD ziyincazelo ephezulu futhi ziveza izinqumo zamaphikseli ayi-1080.
Namuhla, lezi yizona ziqaphi ezibaluleke kakhulu zemishini yamakhompyutha, njengoba zisebenzisa amandla amancane futhi zithatha isikhala esincane kakhulu. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke igcwele lezi zinhlobo zeziqaphi ze-PC . Ama-consoles emidlalo yevidiyo, ama-calculator, omakhalekhukhwini, namakhamera edijithali konke kuncike kulolu hlobo lwesikrini ukuze kusebenze kahle.
Izithombe ze-LCD zohlobo lwe-monochrome ezijwayela kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqukatha ithuluzi noma ithubhu yesithombe yendawo, njengoba kunjalo ngabaqaphi beCRT. Ama-monitor we-LCD aqeda cishe amahora ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kuya emahoreni ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50.
Izinhlobo ze-LCD
Ukuhlukahluka kumodeli kunqunywa uhlobo lobuchwepheshe nokusebenza kwezidingo zomsebenzisi, ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi lezo zinhlobo zama-LCD monitors:
- Ababungazi bezivakashi, i-GH ngesifinyezo sayo, yizikrini eziqukethe uketshezi lwe-crystal oludonsa ukukhanya. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukusebenza ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Inqubo yayo incike ohlotsheni nasezingeni lenkambu kagesi esetshenzisiwe.
- I-Twist Nematic, TN, iyona oyithola kumamodeli we-LCD ashibhile. Ama-molecule ketshezi asebenza ngama-engeli angama-90 degree; Ngamanye amagama, inqubo yokulungiswa ingahluka lapho izithombe ezethulwayo zishesha kakhulu.
- I-Super Twisted Nematic, i-SNT ukuvela kwemodeli yangaphambilini futhi ivumela ukusebenza ngezithombe ezingashintsha isimo ngokushesha.Ukunyakaza kwama-molecule kuyathuthukiswa futhi akunqunywa ezingeni elithile. Le nqubo isiza ukuthi isithombe singabonakaliswa ngumsebenzisi, sibukhali futhi sinesinqumo esihle kakhulu.
LED
Lolu hlobo lokuqapha olubizwa nge-English Light Emitting Diode, lusebenza nge-diode ekhipha ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwayo okujwayelekile kwenziwa ngamamojula ahlukahlukene we-polychromatic kanye ne-monochromatic okuthi, ndawonye njengeqembu, kuvumele ukukhishwa kwezithombe zencazelo ephezulu ezingabonakala emabangeni amade.
Izikrini ze-LED zisetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemibukiso lapho kudingeka khona imibukiso emikhulu. Banamandla okuba nezinkulungwane zamalambu amancane e-LED asiza ukudala izithombe ezingabonakala kuphela kude.
Ama-LED asebenzayo
Lawa amamodeli enziwa ngama-transistor amancane kwiphikseli ngalinye. Basebenza ngama-diode namashubhu we-cathode. Lokhu kukhombisa imisebe yokukhanya kamuva okukuguqula kube isithombe. Kulezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi izithombe zisezingeni eliphakeme, ukwakheka kwazo ngokomzimba kwenziwa ngohlobo lwebhokisi ngemuva.
Ama-Passive LEDs
Yizikrini eziyizicaba, ngaphambili nangemuva, ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana nobama-passive LEDs kodwa ngomehluko ekwakhiweni kwezithombe ezinencazelo encane.
I-Polychromatic
Bangabaqaphi abacubungula izigidi zemibala futhi bavumele ukunikeza isithombe sokuxazululwa kwezikhala ezinkulu. Lezi zingxenye zisiza ukuba yingxenye yabaqaphi abasetshenziswa ezinkundleni zemidlalo nasemicimbini emikhulu.
I-Monochrome
Lawa madivayisi wokubonisa angabaqaphi abancane ababonisa isithombe sombala owodwa noma ugesi wokukhanya. Ngaphezu kokuqapha, ubuchwepheshe obunqenqemeni obusiza ukubumba izikrini ze-LED, futhi zisebenza njengomphelelisi wokwakha isithombe esimile njengeqembu.
I-CRT
Zadalelwa ukudlulisa izithombe emabangeni amade ngamagagasi kaHertzian. Ngabo ithelevishini yazalwa futhi yavunyelwa ukuqala konke ukuthuthukiswa kwabaqaphi emhlabeni. Isebenza ngohlelo lwe-cathode tube. Yize ubuchwepheshe buguqukile, lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zisenzelwa ezinye izinhloso.
Futhi lezi zinhlobo zabaqaphi zaqala inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini, ekuqaleni ukusakazwa kwesikrini kwakumnyama nokumhlophe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumela ukwamukelwa kwezithombe ezivela kukhompyutha. Ukuxhumeka kwakho kwenziwa ngembobo yevidiyo.
Indlela yokukhishwa ingumthombo wohlelo ongaba i-antenna noma ikhompyutha. Kwabaqaphi bombala we-CRT, ukukhishwa kwabo kwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa imibala eyinhloko (ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu). Inani lezinto ezingaphakathi kokuqapha, likwenza kube nzima kakhulu.
Osayizi besikrini abakwazanga ukwenziwa bakhulu ngenxa yale mikhawulo. Kukhudlwana kusinda. Ekuqaleni kwakunzima ukuwaxhumanisa nezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha kanye nemishini yama-90s. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-2000 lapho ukuxhumana kungenziwa.
OLED
Siqukethe qapha equkethe organic diode uhlobo. Lapho ukukhanya kukhishwa ngongqimba we-electroluminescence. Akhiwe ngama-compounds ahlukahlukene avumela ukukhanya kwangaphakathi ukuthi kukhishwe ngaphakathi kwesibuko, okukhipha isithombe ngaphandle kwesikrini.
Okungaziwa-8
Ama-monitors analezi zici asetshenziselwe ukuthuthukiswa nokuzivumelanisa namakhompyutha. Uhlelo lusebenze ngokuthumela ulwazi oluqhamuka kwimishini yamakhompiyutha edala imidwebo ngomshini othumele ama-electron kumzali we-phosphorus.
Yabathola ngokukhipha ilambu elincane elinombala. Le nqubo ivumela ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemibala futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukulungisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuxazululwa. Isikrini sayo besigobile futhi isisindo sayo besibukeka. Babenenkinga, lapho kwenziwa izinkambu zikagesi isikrini sashukunyiswa futhi isixazululo kwakudingeka silungiswe. Ezinye zaze zaqhuma.
I-TFT, isikrini esicaba
Izinhlobo ze-TFT zokuqapha ziwuhlobo lokwehluka kwesikrini se-LCD liquid. Isebenzisa i-transistor yefilimu ezacile njengobuchwepheshe besizukulwane, yingakho igama layo ngesiNgisi, i-Thin Film Transistor, ngakho-ke ithuthukisa isithombe kakhulu.
Ngokungafani nezikrini zamanzi zendabuko, isikrini se-TFT. Iveza uchungechunge lwamaphikseli acindezelwe noma acindezelwe afike ezingeni eliphezulu ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhanya kwawo. Le ngcindezi yenziwa isikhathi somzuzwana owodwa. Kuzikrini ezinkulu lobu buchwepheshe abunakusetshenziswa.
Ngakho-ke izinhlobo zokuqapha ze-TFT zisetshenziselwa imishini emincane nezinsimbi. Ukuxhumeka kokukhiqiza isithombe kuyabukeka; okungenye into ekhawulela izikrini ezinkulu.
Inkinga yenziwa lapho wonke amaphikseli ekholamu efanayo ethola umfutho okhuphukayo wamandla ngocezwana lwesekhondi. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kulawulwa ngedivayisi encane yohlobo lokushintsha elawula iphikseli ngayinye ngokuhlukile.
Isikrini sePlasma
Babizwa ngama-FPD, futhi baguqula imakethe lapho bevela ngosayizi abakhulu kunamasentimitha angama-30. Igama lalo kungenxa yokuthi uhlelo lusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuncane bamaseli obakhiwe ngamagesi e-ionized afakwe ngogesi. Ababengaphambi kwalo kwakungamalambu we-fluorescent. Isici salolu hlobo lwesikrini ukuthi asikhiphi imishanguzo eminingi ngenkathi sikhipha isithombe.
Ushintsho kulokhu kushaya kwenhliziyo luza lapho kuthunyelwa isignali evela emthonjeni, okungaba yikhompyutha noma ukuguqulwa kwesiteshi kuthelevishini. Okumelela ukukhathala okuncane ngenkathi ubheka esikrinini. Yizimbangi eziqondile zezinhlobo zabaqaphi be-LCD neCRT.
Ikhiqiza izithombe ezikhanyayo nezinqumo eziphakeme kakhulu. Zilungele ukuguqula izinketho ezahlukahlukene zesithombe njengokukhanya nokuphambana. Futhi zilula kakhulu futhi zithatha isikhala esincane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kuvumela ukubanikeza ukuqina okuningi.
Umehluko osesithombeni wenza umehluko phakathi kwengxenye ekhanya kakhulu futhi emnyama kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, uma umehluko uphakeme ubuye ube ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe. Ngokungafani nezinye izikrini lapho ukukhanya kwanda isithombe sithambekela ngokweqile futhi silahlekelwe ukulungiswa.