Kule ndatshana umfundi uzofunda ngayo isithombe sevector, izakhi eziyizinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imiklamo ngokusebenzisa imigqa nezinombolo zejometri. Ungayeki ukuyifunda kuzoba wusizo olukhulu.
Umfanekiso weVector
Igama le-vector livame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuklama ukucacisa uhlobo lwehluzo olunezilinganiso ezimbili ezikhiqizwa nge-PC kanye nesoftware ethile yalo, ngendlela yokukhiqiza imidwebo ehambisana nekhwalithi.
Isithombe sevektha yinombolo yedijithali eyakhiwe kusuka ezintweni ezincikile zejometri, ezinjengalezi: izingxenye, amapoligoni, imengamo, izindonga nokunye, futhi ngakunye kunqunyelwe izimfanelo zezibalo zomumo, isikhundla, njengoba kunjalo ngombuthano wombala, okunganqunywa ukuma kwesikhungo sayo, irediyasi yayo, ubukhulu bemigqa nethoni yayo.
Igama elithi vector linezincazelo eziningana, konke kuncike esihlokweni esisetshenziswa kuso, isibonelo: i-geometry, i-physics, i-mathematics, lapho kubhekiswa ekwakhiweni nasekufanekisweni yikhompyutha, icacisa indlela umdwebo noma umdwebo ongaba ngayo kukhiqizwe, bese umfanekiso wevektha umele isithombe sedijithali esithwetshulwe yizakhi ezahlukahlukene zejometri.
Isici ngasinye esichazwe ngamapharamitha wezibalo njengokuma, isikhundla, umbala, uhlobo nobukhulu bomugqa, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi, kuyingxenye yezakhi zemidwebo yevektha.
Imidwebo yeVector amafomethi ahluke ngokuphelele kwimidwebo ye-bitmap, eyaziwa nangokuthi imidwebo ye-matrix, eyenziwe ngamaphikseli.
Ama-Vectors anenzuzo ngaphezu kwamaphikseli okuba scalable, okusho ukuthi angakhuphula usayizi wawo, futhi aqhubeke nokugcina ikhwalithi yawo yangempela, kuyisici esingenzeki ngemidwebo a b.
Futhi zinokunye ukuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo, ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezithombe zedijithali ziqukethe izici zesisindo, okusinika ukuqonda ukuthi izithombe zevektha ziyimingcele yezibalo kuphela, ngokuvamile ezisindayo kunesithombe se-raster noma esaziwa nge-pixel.
Sikumema ukuba wazi isihloko esilandelayo Ayini amaphikseli, isihloko esihlobene nale ndatshana.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ihluzo le-vector lingaguqulwa ngenqubo yokuzungezisa, yokwelula, yokuhlanekezela noma yokuhambisa, kwenziwa ngendlela elula, futhi ayidingi inkumbulo eningi kukhompyutha.
Kepha, yonke imidwebo ye-vector noma ye-vector kufanele iguqulwe ibe ngamaphikseli uma ivezwa esikrinini, noma amaphikseli akhombisa ukwehla kwekhwalithi ngosayizi owandayo ephrintiwe.
Imidwebo yeVector yimifanekiso eyenziwe ngamasegmenti olayini, axhunywe ngama-node futhi ngenxa yesilinganiso esilinganiselwe ngaphezu kwama-tangents amabili adalwe ama-node noma amaphuzu abizwa ngokulawula.
Ama-vectors angavezwa ngezindlela ezigobile noma eziqondile, ngokusho njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezibambo eziqala kusuka kuma-node, izibambo yizinto ezisebenza ukulawula ukuqina kwamajika kanye nokuqondisa lapho izingxenye ziqondiswe khona.
Kulezi zinsuku, ama-PC ahumusha imidwebo ye-vector ibe ama-bitmaps, ukuze ayibonise esikrinini uma seyenziwe ngamaphikseli.
historia
Kusukela ekuveleni kwekhompyutha ngeminyaka yama-1950 kuya kowe-1980, kwasetshenziswa uhlelo lwevektha ukukhiqiza imidwebo eyehluke kakhulu kuleyo etholakala ezikhathini zamanje.
Kuhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-calligraphic system, i-elektroniki yegongolo elenziwe ngemisebe ye-cathode evela esikrinini, yayiqondiswe kuphela ekwakhiweni kwezibalo ezazidingeka, ingxenye yomugqa ngengxenye yomugqa, ngakho-ke isikrini sasimnyama.
Kwakuyinqubo eyenzeka kaninginingi ngesivinini esikhulu ukufeza isithombe esasingenaziphazamiso, kwakuwuhlelo olwaluvumela ukubona izithombe ezinganyakazi nezinyakazisayo ngokulungiswa okuhle, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yememori ye-rasterization. .
Yini evumele ukulandelana kwezithombe kubonakale sengathi ziyanyakaza, empeleni zikwazile ukuxokozela ngokushintsha amagama athile kuphela egrafu kufayela lawo lokubonisa elihambisanayo, lawo maqaphi asungulwe kuma-veector ayaziwa nangokuthi ama-XY monitors, (XY shows ).
Indaba ithi amavector okuqala asetshenziswa ngenkathi kukhonjiswa izithombe, kwenziwa yi-United States Air Force.
Kunamarekhodi akhombisa ukuthi uhlelo lokukhiqiza ihluzo ngokusetshenziswa kwamavekthri lwasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba ngo-1999 ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwezindiza, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi luzoqhubeka lusetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zamasosha.
Usosayensi wamakhompiyutha futhi oyiphayona le-Intanethi, u-Ivan Edward Sutherland, wasebenzisa lolu hlelo ku-TX-1963 ngo-2 ukwenza uhlelo lwakhe lweSketchpad eMIT Lincoln Laboratory.
Izinhlelo ezilandelanayo zokumelwa kwemidwebo evelele, ziqukethe i-GT40 yeDijithali; ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona i-console eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vectrex, eyayisebenzisa imidwebo ye-vector ukumela imidlalo yevidiyo efana ne-Asteroids ne-Space Wars, ngaphezu kwemishini eyaziwa njenge-Tektronix 4014, eyayinamandla okukhiqiza izithombe ze-vector ezisheshayo.
Ngokuhamba komlando, igama elithi vector lisetshenziswe njalo emkhakheni wehluzo ezinokwakheka okubili okwenziwe yikhompyutha, kungenye yezindlela uchwepheshe wezokuklama okufanele enze ngayo izithombe ngokubuka kuqala kwe-raster.
Zingasetshenziswa futhi emibhalweni, kwi-multimedia nokwakhiwa kwezigcawu ze-3D, njengamanje zonke izinhlelo zenzelwe ukumodeliswa kwe-3D ukusebenzisa amasu anamuhla enza imidwebo ye-vector ye-2D, esimweni sabaqambi abasetshenziswe kumdwebo wobuchwepheshe, bayaqhubeka nokuklama noma ukudweba ama-vectors ngqo ephepheni.
Izibalo eziyisisekelo zejometri
Phakathi kwezibalo zejiyometri eziyisisekelo abanazo yilezi:
- Imigqa nama-polylines.
- Izindingilizi nezindilinga.
- Ama-Bezigons.
- Amapholigoni.
- Amajika eBézier.
- Umbhalo, imvamisa Uhlobo lweqiniso, noma uhlobo lohlobo lokusebenzisa olusebenzisa amajika eBézier.
Lezi zibalo ezibalulwe ngaphambili aziqukethe ezinye izinhlobo zamajika njengalezo ezaziwayo: ICatmull-Rom spline, i-NURBS, esebenzela ezinye izinhlobo zezicelo.
Ngokuvamile, izithombe ze-bitmap zibizwa ngokuthi amafomethi akudala, abukwa ngombono womqondo, ngoba indlela yabo yokonga idatha ngamaphikseli ayikusekeli ukuguquguquka onakho ngesithombe se-vector.
Aplicaciones
Kulesi sigaba kusetshenziswe izinhlelo eziyinhloko ezinikezwa ihluzo zevektha, siqala ngo:
Isizukulwane se ihluzo
Kulesi sici, ihluzo le-vector lisetshenziselwa ukudala ama-logo ngokuya ngokuthanda kweklayenti, okuthandwa kakhulu yilokho okwenziwe ukukhiqiza izigcawu ze-3D.
Design izithombe nomfanekiso
Kulezi zikhathi zesimanje kungaziwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezindawo ezibukeka ngobukhulu obuthathu, zenziwa ngemidwebo yevektha ekhombisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zokusebenza, zisetshenziselwa nokwenza ukugqwayiza kwe-2D ekwakhiweni kwewebhu, ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwazo okulula ngaphezu kwesisindo sabo esincane.
Imibhalo yedijithali
Lolu hlobo lwedokodo lwamukela incazelo ecacile yedokhumenti yedijithali, ngaphandle kokumela ukulahleka kwekhwalithi yesithombe ngenxa yezinhlelo zokusebenza noma ukuguqulwa kwefomu lalo.
Izilimi ezichaza amadokhumenti
Imidwebo ye-Vector inekhono lokunikeza imininingwane ngemvelo yedokhumende ezimele ngesinqumo esinikezwa yidivayisi yokukhipha, phakathi kwamafomethi athandwa kakhulu yiPostScript ne-PDF, okuvame ukwehluka ezithombeni ze-matrix, ezingabonwa ziphrintwe ngaphandle kokulahleka kwesinqumo .
Imidlalo yevidiyo
Izicelo ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izindawo ezibonakalayo ezakhiwe ngobukhulu obuthathu.
Ukuthayipha
Iningi lamafayela we-typographic lisebenzisa izithombe ze-vector, amafomethi athandwa kakhulu yi: TrueType, PostScript ne-OpenType.
Internet
Imidwebo yeVector, evela kwiWorld Wide Web, ngokuvamile ifomethi evulekile eyaziwa njenge-VML ne-SVG, noma futhi ukuthi iyifomethi yokuphathelene, lezi zingabukwa ngethuluzi le-Adobe Flash Player.
Amafomethi wehluzo zeVector
Kulesi sigaba sizokukhombisa amafomethi wehluzo eziyinhloko, okungukuthi okulandelayo:
- I-SWF Adobe flash, esetshenziselwa ihluzo nezithombe ezi-2D ze-Intanethi.
- I-AI Adobe Illustrator, esetshenziselwa ihluzo eziqondisiwe nemifanekiso yewebhu nokuphrinta.
- I-CDR Corel Draw, ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuklama nokuzihlela ngokwakho izinto eziphrintiwe.
- I-PDF i-Adobe Acrobat, isetshenziselwa ukushintshaniswa kwamadokhumenti nokugeleza komsebenzi, ifomethi equkethe i-vector ne-bitmap, le fomethi yedokhumenti ephathekayo eyenziwe yi-Adobe System, inikeza inzuzo enkulu, ikhono lokumunca amafonti, inamandla okwabelana amafayela anokubukeka kwe-PC nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphikisayo.
- I-Post Script, ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuphrinta kokushintshaniswa kwamafayela.
- I-SVG, yifomethi eyenziwe ikakhulukazi yi-Adobe ukuklama ama-static noma ama-animated ama-graphic dimensional, ibe enye yamafomethi we-vector ajwayelekile, ngoba awadingi ama-plugins ukuthi akwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kuziphequluli eziningi zewebhu, ngaphandle ku-Internet Explorer.
- I-EPS, isifinyezo se-Encapsulated PostScript, efana namafomethi we-WMF ne-EMF, ibhekisa kufomethi yesithombe se-vector, esamukela ukufaka ama-bitmaps nemethadatha, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kwayo kube nobungani.
- I-VMF, Isifinyezo seWindows MetaFile noma iWindows Metafile, yifomethi yokuqhafaza evumela ukuthi ungeze ama-bitmaps ayi-16, ngendlela efanayo naleyo enikezwa ngayo ifomethi yePostScript.
- I-EMF, isichazamazwi se-Enhanced Metafile, ukuvela kwefomethi ye-WMF esetshenziswe kufika kuma-bits angama-32.
- I-AI, ibhekisa ekunwetshweni kwamafayela e-vector adalwe kusuka ku-Adobe Illustrator.
- CDR, kungukunwetshwa kwamafayela e-vector enziwe nge-Corel Draw.
- I-SWF, isho ukunwetshwa kwamafayela ahlanganiswe ne-Adobe Flash.
Kuyafaneleka ukubalulwa njengesici esifanele ukuthi izithombe azikwazi ukwenziwa i-vectorized ngaphandle kokulahleka okukhulu kwikhwalithi yesithombe, yingakho kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kusetshenziswe amafomethi we-pixel: jpeg, png, tiff, phakathi kwabanye.
Phrinta
Isici esibalulekile esinezithombe zevektha ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphrinta, ngoba zinethuba lokuzikala futhi zikhulise umfanekiso wazo ngendlela engenamkhawulo, kubonakala ngaphansi kohlelo lwekhwalithi enhle, olukwazi ukuguqulwa ngaphandle kokwethula izinguquko ezifanele.
Ukuba yisibonelo esithile, ukuthi ilogo efanayo efakiwe ingathathwa, ukuze iphrintwe ekhadini lomuntu siqu, futhi iphinde ikhuliswe iphinde inyatheliswe ukuze ibekwe ocingweni, kugcinwe izinga lekhwalithi kuzithombe zombili, amacala adume kakhulu we ukufometha kwedokhumenti abakuprintayo yi-PDF nePostScript.
Ungabona futhi ukusetshenziswa kwehluzo ze-vector lapho iphrintwe kumakhi wokusika, noma amaphrinta akhethekile okusika i-vinyl, aklanywe ngamathoni ombala kwezinye izingxenye zawo nakwifayela ledijithali.
Yizithombe ezenziwe ngomkhuba wamavekta, ahunyushwe ngumakhi njengolayini ohlukanisiwe lapho kuzodlula khona insimbi ebhekele ukusika leyo nto, esetshenziswa kakhulu ngochwepheshe ekubhaleni nasekuhlobiseni ezindaweni ezisicaba noma emizimbeni yezimoto.
Izinzuzo nokungalungi
Imidwebo yeVector nayo inikela ngobuhle nobubi, konke kuzoncika ecaleni ngalinye, siqala ngezinzuzo:
Uma kukhulunywa ngezimo ezithile, kungashiwo ukuthi izithombe ze-vector zidinga isikhala esincane sokugcina uma kuqhathaniswa ne-bitmap, izithombe ezenziwe ngemibala yamabala noma ngama-gradients alula zivame ukwenziwa i-vectorized.
Ngokuphathelene nezinzuzo ezinikezayo, inani elincane lemininingwane yokwakha isithombe, usayizi wefayela nawo uzoba mncane; bese kuba nezithombe ezimbili ezinosayizi ohlukile wokubonisa, kepha, ngolwazi olufanayo lwe-vector, kuhlala inani elifanayo lokugcina.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi lezi zithombe azilahli ikhwalithi uma sezilungisiwe. Ekuqaleni, isithombe sevektha singakalwa ngendlela engenamkhawulo; Uma kukhulunywa ngezithombe ze-matrix, ufika ezingeni lapho ungabona khona ngokucacile ukuthi isithombe senziwe ngamaphikseli, ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphele lokho.
Ibuye inikeze ukuthi izinhloso ezichazwe nge-vector zingagcinwa futhi ziguqulwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Amafomethi amaningi wehluzo le-vector amukela ukugqwayiza, okwenziwa ngendlela elula ngezinqubo zokuqala ezifana nokuhumusha noma ukuzungezisa, futhi futhi akudingi ukuqongelelwa kolwazi, ngoba umsebenzi ukuhambisa izixhumanisi zama-vectors ngamaphuzu amasha ku-x , nezembe, ikakhulukazi ezithombeni ze-3D, zenza umsebenzi ongaguquguquki.
Manje uma sikhuluma ngobubi, imidwebo ye-vector ngokuvamile ayizifanele izithombe zokufaka ikhodi noma amavidiyo enziwe ezindaweni ezingokoqobo njengezithombe zemvelo, noma kunjalo, amafomethi athile amukela ukwakheka okuxubekile okuyi-vector ne-bitmap, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi onke amakhamera edijithali ayonga izithombe ze-bitmap.
Phakathi kokunye ukungalungi, imininingwane echazwa umdwebo wevektha kufanele icutshungulwe, okusho ukuthi ikhompyutha kufanele ibe namandla anele ukukwazi ukwenza izibalo ezibalulekile ukuze ekugcineni yakhe isithombe.
Esimweni lapho umthamo wolwazi ugcwele, ungancishiswa ukuboniswa kwesithombe esikrinini, noma ngabe usebenza ngezithombe zosayizi omncane.
Ngokunjalo, yize kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha isithombe ngemidwebo ye-vector, ukuboniswa kwayo esikrinini, nakwizinhlelo eziningi zokuphrinta ezahlukahlukene, kufanele kuholele kumaphikseli.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-vector ihluzo nezithombe ze-bitmap
Imidwebo yeVector yizinto ezibalulekile ekuklanyeni, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwevector ne-bitmap ihluzo.
- Imidwebo yeVector ibhekisa kwimidwebo enamazinga wesithonjana aphansi, angaqondakali: ngezikimu, ama-flowcharts, imidwebo, phakathi kokunye, zisebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nolayini, imicibisholo namabhokisi angahlanganiswa kalula nombhalo.
- Imidwebo ye-vector ingahlanganisa imibhalo yokwenziwa futhi ilungiselele ihluzo ze-bimedia.
- Ziqukethe amafomula ezibalo akhiqiza isethi yamavektha, ukwakheka kwawo kusekelwe emigqeni nasezibalweni zejometri.
- Ngokuvamile basebenzisa iphalethi encishisiwe yemibala ehlukene yemibala ehluke ngokusobala komunye nomunye.
- Imidwebo yeVector yizithombe ezenzelwe ikakhulukazi injongo yezemfundo.
Ngenkathi izithombe ze-bitmap ziyizithombe ezinamazinga aphezulu wezithonjana, zibukeka zinengqondo futhi zinembile, njenge: izithombe, imidwebo, imifanekiso, imifanekiso, ubuciko beplastiki phakathi kwabanye.
- Izithombe zeBitmap aziwusebenzisi umbhalo, ngaphandle kwalapho uqukethwe kumdwebo noma esithombeni, futhi zine-matrix ye-pixel.
- Imvamisa basebenzisa amaphalethi ombala ayinkimbinkimbi anezigidi zemibala egqamile.
- Izithombe zeBitmap zinezinto ezenzeka ngengozi njengomsebenzi we-didactic, okusho ukuthi zisuselwa ekuboniseni, umsebenzisi uzihlobanisa nomqondo othile nomqondo othile.
Ukubaluleka kwemidwebo ye-vector
Ukunwetshwa kwezithombe ezidalwe ngemidwebo yevektha, kubonisa ukubaluleka okufana nalokhu:
- Izithombe ezitholwe kuhlelo lokusebenza lwehluzo le-vector zikhombisa izithombe ze-vector ezingalahli ikhwalithi lapho zisebenzisa izikali.
- Izithombe zehluzo zeVector ngokuvamile azidingi isikhala esiningi sediski esizogcinwa.
- Zingasindiswa kalula futhi ziguqulwe.
- Inqubo yokwakha izithombe ngemidwebo ye-vector ilula futhi iyasebenza, ama-vectors ayenziwa kusetshenziswa ubujamo bejometri.