I-Fiber Optics: Isebenza kanjani? Isetshenziselwa ini? Futhi nokuningi

Ezokuxhumana ngocingo noma ukuxhumana emabangeni kungenzeka ngenxa yemizila eyahlukene yokudlulisa ekhona. Phakathi kwalezo, enye yezinto ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu yi-Fiber Optic. Funda ngale ndatshana, INDLELA I-FIBER OPTIC ESEBENZA NGAYO lokho kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise i-inthanethi nezinye izinzuzo eziningi ekhaya nasehhovisi lakho.

I-fiber ebonakalayo

I-fiber Optical iyintambo eguquguqukayo evame ukwenziwa nge-silicon, yize kukhona nemicu ebonakalayo eyenziwe ngopulasitiki. Kuyinto entekenteke kakhulu, enobubanzi obucishe bufane nobomucu wezinwele. Kusobala, ukwazi ukudlulisa ukukhanya ngaphandle kwemvamisa yombala owodwa okuhlanekezela eminye.

I-fiber optics ivele njengezinto ezingangena esikhundleni sekhebula le-coaxial. Njengekhebula lethusi, i-fiber isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imininingwane phakathi kwezingqimba zayo ezimbili, kusetshenziswa ukukhanya njengendlela yokuhamba.

Namuhla, i-fiber optics ingenye yezindlela zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imininingwane ingahamba amabanga amade ngaphandle kokudinga eziningi, noma mhlawumbe kungabikho izikhulisi ukuze isignali ingalahleki. Ibuye ibe ne-bandwidth noma isivinini sedatha ephakeme kunezintambo zethusi.

Phakathi kwezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani i-fiber optics isetshenziselwa ukufaka ikhebuli yethusi ukuthi kuncishiswa ukunciphisa isignali ngekhilomitha ngalinye lokuhamba. Futhi enye yezinzuzo zayo ukuthi i-fiber optics ivikelekile ekuphazanyisweni kwe-electromagnetic, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwephula ezokuphepha.

Ngokufanayo, kujwayelekile ukuthola i-fiber optics yokukhanyisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okwamanje kungenxa ye-fiber lapho kwenzeke khona ukunikeza ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlinzeka ngokukhanya okufakelwayo.

Isakhiwo se-fiber optical senziwe ngomgogodla, okuyi-fiber uqobo lapho ulwazi luhamba khona. Ingqimba imbozwe ngengubo, ebonakala ngokuba nenkomba yokubonisa ephansi kunengqikithi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuvimbela umsebe wokukhanya ohamba ku-nucleus ungashiyi i-nucleus futhi ulahlekelwe yimininingwane, okusho ukuthi, kuyindlela yokuvalela imininingwane ku-nucleus kusetshenziswa isimo sokubonisa.

Ngemuva kwalokho, ulwelwesi luzungezwe ingubo, futhi le ngubo yeKevlar. Futhi ekugcineni, isigqoko, ngokuvamile esiphuzi noma esiwolintshi, esikhomba uhlobo lwefayibha. Zombili zisebenza ukunikeza ukuvikeleka kwe-fiber nokuqina kwemishini, ngoba uma kungenjalo i-fiber ingahle ibe brittle ngokweqile, ngisho nangaphezulu kunalokho esevele ikhona.

Ngaphakathi kwe-fiber optical, kungathunyelwa ngaphezu komugqa owodwa wokukhanya, ngoba kunezindlela ezihlukile noma izindlela ezingahle zenziwe. Lolu hlobo lwe-fiber optical lubizwa ngokuthi i-multimode, futhi igama lalo livela kulokho linezindlela eziningi zokuthumela imishayo yokukhanya ngasikhathi sinye. Esikhundleni salokho, i-fiber yemodi eyodwa isebenzisa indlela eyodwa eqondile yokudlulisa umsebe wokukhanya. Ngokomzimba, bavame ukuhlukaniswa ngombala we-hood yabo, imvamisa, i-orange ye-multimode nephuzi ye-singlemode.

Lapho usipha i-fiber optical kubalulekile ukuthi unake ukuthi ukuhlangana kwayo phakathi kwama-cores kufanele kucace ngokweqile, ngoba uma kungenjalo kuzoba nokulahleka ngenxa yokuhlangana okungamanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalunga aphakathi kwemicu ye-optical anzima kakhulu kunalawo asetshenziswa ezintambo ezivamile zethusi.

Umlando we-Fiber Optic

Kwi-fiber optics kunezinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ezethule intuthuko yokufeza ubuchwepheshe esibaziyo namuhla ngokuhanjiswa kwedatha ngokukhanya. Lezo zinto ziyintambo yokukhanya nokukhanya okuhamba kuyo. Kulesi sigaba, sizohamba ngomlando we-fiber optics nokuthi iguquke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

EGrisi lasendulo, ukukhanya kwelanga kwakukhanyisa izibuko kwakusetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalezo, noma ukuvimbela umbono wezitha zakho. Lolu hlelo olufanayo lwasetshenziswa nguClaude Chappe ngo-1792 ukusebenzisa i-optical telegraphy esebenzisa imibhoshongo nezibuko ezazisatshalaliswa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-200. Ukwazile ukuthumela umyalezo ngesikhathi sokurekhoda isikhathi semizuzu engu-16.

Ngo-1910 uDemetrius Hondros noPeter Debye baba ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwezintambo ezenziwe ngengilazi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kuthathe isikhathi eside, ngoba ngonyaka we-1820 izibalo ezisungule le nto sezivele zikhona.

Lesi simiso sibizwa njengokuvalelwa kokukhanya ngokuhlehlisa. Khumbula ukuthi ukuphinda ukhiphe into edala ukuthi ukukhanya kwesibani kuguqule indlela lapho kuguquka kusuka kolunye ulayini wokudlulisela kuye kolunye olunezikhombo ezahlukahlukene zokubuyisa ngoba zinamandla aminyene ahlukile.

Ngawo-1840, uJean-Daniel Collado noJacques Babinet bakwazi ukufakazela lesi simiso. Ngokufanayo, ngo-1870 uJohn Tyndall wabona ukuthi ukukhanya kungahamba emanzini, futhi lokho kukhanya kuyakhishwa ngaphakathi kwale ndlela. Lezi zinyathelo zokuqala zavumela ukuthi kwenziwe izifundo ezizoqinisekisa amandla engilazi njengokusebenza kahle kakhulu kokudluliswa kokukhanya emabangeni amade. Ekuqaleni isicelo sayo sasikhanyisela imithombo yamanzi.

Kamuva, uJohn Logie, unjiniyela waseScotland, wenza ilungelo lobunikazi lohlelo lwe-electromechanical lwethelevishini yombala, elalisebenzisa izinduku ezenziwe ngengilazi ezazidlulisa ukukhanya. Lolu hlelo aluzange luphumelele kakhulu ngenxa yokwehliswa kwalo ngenxa yezinto nezindlela elalilusebenzisa, ngakho-ke kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhanya kuhambe amabanga amade. Futhi, uhlelo lwabo lwalungenazo izixhumi ezibonakalayo.

Ngo-1952 ngenxa yezifundo zangaphambilini ezenziwa nguJohn Tyndall, usosayensi uNarinder Singh Kapany wakwazi ukwenza ukusungulwa kwe-fiber fiber. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakungu-1950 lapho ucwaningo lwe-fiber optics lwalujuliswa. Eqinisweni, ngo-1957 uBasil Hirschovitz wenza i-endoscope engashintsheki kalula esebenzisa i-fiber optics. Wakwazi ukuthumela izithombe futhi le endoscope iyithuluzi elikahle lokuhlinzwa.

IYunivesithi yaseMichigan iphakamisa enguqulweni yayo ye-endoscope engaguquguquki ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinenkomba ephansi yokubonisa kunengqikithi, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa uwoyela noma i-wax njengoba kwakusetshenziswa phambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicu emincane ye-fiber optic nayo yakhiqizwa, njengokuqina kwenwele. Kodwa-ke, ukukhanya kwancishiswa noma kwalahleka ngemuva kwamamitha ayi-9 wokuhamba nale fiber ebonakalayo. KwakunguCharles K. Kao, owethula ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwesibalo esiphezulu okufanele ukuthi imicu ye-optical kwakufanele kube ngama-decibel angama-20 ukuze isicelo saso sisebenze, emcabangweni wakhe wobudokotela

Nakulokhu, uCharles K. Kao kanye noGeorge Hockham bathi kungenzeka ukwenza imicu enephesenti eliphakeme lokubonisa izinto obala. Ngokunjalo, yibona abaphakamise ukusetshenziswa kwe-fiber optics yokudlulisa imiyalezo yocingo esikhundleni sokusebenzisa lezo eziqinisekisiwe ukuthi izintambo zethusi nezikagesi.

Kwakudingeka ukuthuthukisa i-fiber optical, okwamanje enokwehliswa kwe-100 dB / km, umkhawulokudonsa omncane nokuqina okukhulu kwemishini. Ukufeza lokhu, izifundo ezingapheli nezijulile kanye nophenyo bekufanele lwenziwe, okwenze ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi imbangela yokuthi kube naleli zinga lokulahleka ekukhanyeni kwakuwukungcola kwangaphakathi okwakukhona ku-silicon noma engilazini.

Kwaba ngenxa yalokhu kutholakala ukuthi imicu yaqala ukwenziwa ngokuncishiswa kokuncishiswa okungafika ku-20 dB / km nangomkhawulokudonsa omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cores ayewugqinsi obungu-100 ,m, ayembozwe ngocingo lukaNaylon ukuhlonipha isisekelo senkomba esivezelayo, kepha esinganikeza nokuqina okukhulu kwemishini, okwenza kube nzima ukuphula i-fiber ngezandla.

Umsebenzi kaKao noHockman ubusebenza njengesisekelo socwaningo olwenziwe nguRobert Maurer, uDonald Keck, uPeter Schultz noFrank Zimar abaphakamise futhi bakhiqiza i-fiber yokuqala yokukhanya ngokungcola kweTitanium. Lokhu kungcola kufakwe ngamabomu ku-silicon ukukhulisa ukukhipha ku-fiber. Le fiber yavumela ukukhanya ukuthi kuhambe ku-fiber optical nge-17 dB / km kuphela yokwehliswa. Kuleso shumi leminyaka lika-1970, kwakwenzeka ukuthi kukhiqizwe imicu ye-optical nge-0.5 dB / km kuphela yokulahleka.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile eyenziwe kubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa imininingwane ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya, yenziwa yabonga ososayensi uMorton B. Panish no-Izuo Hayashi abathuthukisa i-semiconductor laser ekwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokukhuphula izinga layo lokushisa. Ngokubambisana uJohn MacChesney nabanye abahlanganyeli bakhiqiza izindlela zokulungiselela i-fiber.

Ukudluliswa kocingo kokuqala kusetshenziswa ulayini wokudlulisa kwenziwa ngo-Ephreli 22, 1977 yinkampani yaseNyakatho Melika iGeneral Telephone and Electronics, futhi kwafinyelela isivinini sama-6 Mbit / s.

Ngo-1980 le micu yayisobala kangangokuthi yayingathumela amasiginali nge-fiber optical yendlela engafika kumakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi amane ngaphambi kokuba ilahleke ngokuphelele. Le micu yavela lapho abacwaningi bebona ukuthi i-silicon emsulwa ngaphandle kwensimbi ingenziwa kuphela kusetshenziswa amathuluzi nezakhi ezisebenzisa umusi. Lokhu kuvimbele ukungcoliswa okuvela ekuqhamukeni kwenqubo yokukhiqiza.

I-AT & T yathumela iphrojekthi yayo yohlelo lwe-fiber-optic cishe ngamamayela angama-1980 ngaphandle kweFederal Communications Commission ngo-XNUMX. Lolu hlelo lwaluzodlula futhi luxhume amadolobha aseBoston naseWashington DC. Kwakungemva kweminyaka emine yokwethulwa kwalo msebenzi, lapho uhlelo lwaqala ukusebenza. Le khebuli ibingamasentimitha ayishumi ububanzi futhi ibikwazi ukuletha iziteshi zezwi ezingafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili zezingxoxo zocingo ezenzeke ngasikhathi sinye.

I-fiber yokuqala yokufakelwa ezofakwa ngasolwandle yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1988, ukubonakala komgogodla wayo kwakungacacile kangangokuthi kwakudingeka kuphela ukubeka ama-amplifiers optical njalo ngamamayela angamashumi amane. Ngokulandelayo, ukuxhumana okwengeziwe kwalolu hlobo kwenziwa futhi kwenziwa izinkambo ezibanzi phakathi kwamadolobha namazwekazi.

Yonke le ntuthuko ivumele i-fiber optics ukuthi iqhubeke nokwenza ngcono ukubonakala kwayo futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana emakethe hhayi ezingeni lokuhlola kuphela. Eqinisweni, uGeneral Telephone and Electronics ngo-Ephreli 22, 1977 wakwazi ukwenza ukuhanjiswa ngocingo okuyimpumelelo ngejubane lama-Mbits / s ayisithupha, esebenzisa i-fiber optics njengolayini wokudlulisa.

Inqubo yokwenza izinto

KwakuseBell Laboratories lapho izindlela ezizimele zokwenza i-fiber optics zakhiwa. Ukusuka lapho, kunezinqubo ezine zokukhiqiza i-fiber optics

MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition)

Le ndlela ekuqaleni yasungulwa yiCorning Glass Company futhi yaguqulwa yiBell Laboratories ngohlelo lokusebenza lwezimboni. Ziqukethe ishubhu le-quartz elimsulwa, lapho i-silicon dioxide ixutshwe khona nezinye izinto ukwenza ukulungiselela. Le tube isuke ibekwa kulayini ojikelezayo.

Ngemuva kwalokho, lilethwa emazingeni okushisa afinyelela kuma-1600 degrees Celsius nge-hydrogen ne-oxygen burner. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokushintshanisa i-lathe ngenkathi ithubhu le-quartz lifudunyezwa kulo lonke ubude balo. Kuleli qophelo, kunezelwa izithasiselo, okuyizo lezo ezizofaka isandla enkombeni engcono yokubuyisa emgodini, ekugcineni kwepayipi.

Izendlalelo ezilandelayo nazo zifakiwe, ngenxa yokuthobela okuqhubekayo kwesishisi. Le ndlela ivumela ukuthi i-nucleus ihlanganiswe. Ngemuva kwalokho, okokushisa kulethwa ekushiseni okungu-1800 degrees Celsius, okushisa okuvumela i-quartz ukuthi ithambe bese ithola i-preform.

I-preform ibhekisa kwinduku yengilazi noma ithubhu esetshenziselwa ukudala i-fiber optics. Lokho wukuthi, kuyishubhu eqinile etholakala ngemuva kwale ndlela. Imvamisa ubukhulu bayo bungaphezudlwana kwemitha elilodwa ubude nesentimitha elingu-1 ububanzi.

I-VAD (i-Vapor Axial Deposition)

Le ndlela isuselwa kulokho okwenziwe yiNippon Telephone neTelegraph. Isetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane kulezo zinkampani ezibandakanyeka ekwenzeni i-fiber optics. Isebenzisa izinto eziyisisekelo ezifanayo njengasendleleni ye-MCVD. Kodwa-ke, ziyehluka ngeqiniso lokuthi okwakamuva, kuphela ingqikithi ebekiwe. Manje, ulwelwesi nalo lubekwe ngokungeziwe

Kungakho le ndlela ibucayi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudakwa kwezidakamizwa, ngoba iGermanium dioxide kufanele ifakwe ingxenye enkulu emgodini kunasekuhlanganiseni. Ngokwalokhu kukhiqizwa, isoftware isetshenziswa njengomsizi obalulekile lapho kusungulwa khona amapharamitha.

Ukuthatha ngenduku yengilazi esizayo noma ithubhu, inqubo ye-preform iqala. Le tube esizayo isebenza njengokwesekwa kwayo. Iqala ngokufaka izinto ezahlukahlukene ngendlela ehlelekile ukusuka ekugcineni kwesilinda, ukuthola i-porform preous, ethi lapho ikhula, ihlukaniswe nebhubhu lengilazi elisizayo.

Ngemuva kwalokho, inqubo yokuwa yenziwa, equkethe ukukhuphula izinga lokushisa kuze kufike ku-1700 degrees Celsius ukuze kutholakale ukuthamba kwe-quartz. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukusuka kusisekelo sangaphakathi esingenalutho esiya kusilinda esiqinile, esobala.

Uma siqhathanisa le ndlela naleyo eyedlule, indlela ye-VAD inenzuzo yokuthi kutholakala ama-preforms wobude obukhulu nobubanzi obukhulu, futhi kunciphisa nokufakwa kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwayo ukuthi kudinga imishini yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

I-OVD (Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Vapor Ngaphandle)

Le ndlela yasungulwa yiCorning Glass Work. Kulokhu, impahla yakho eluhlaza iqala nge-ceramic substrate cylinder kanye ne-burner. Ama-chloride anomphunga abekwa emlilweni wokushisa, futhi umlilo uyayishisa induku. Kuleli qophelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-preform kuyenziwa. Le nqubo iqukethe ukomisa induku nge-gaseous chlorine, ukuze kamuva yenze inqubo yokuwa ngendlela efanayo naleyo ezokwenziwa ngendlela eyedlule. Le yindlela umgogodla nokufakwa kwawo kuhlanganiswe ngayo, ukuthola i-preform.

Ezinye izinzuzo zale ndlela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhiqizwe imicu ye-optical nge-attenuation ephansi kakhulu nekhwalithi enhle, ngenxa yokwenza kahle inqubo yokomisa. Lokhu kulungiswa kuvumela ukuthola amaphrofayili abushelelezi ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esibalulekile se-annular.

PCVD (Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition)

Le ndlela ithuthukiswa yinkampani yePhilips eNetherlands. Ngokufanayo, ibonakala ngamaphrofayili ayo abushelelezi futhi ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esaziwayo sonyaka. Umgomo walesi sisekelo ususelwa ku-oxidation yeSilicon chloride kanye neGermanium chloride. Ngokugqwala la ma-chloride, isimo se-plasma siyatholakala, silandelwe inqubo yokwenza izidakamizwa ngaphakathi.

Preform eselula isigaba

Akunandaba ukuthi hlobo luni lwendlela esetshenzisiwe, kuvamile phakathi kwakho konke lokhu ukuthi inqubo yokwelulwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi iyenziwa. Ukufeza ukwelula kwe-preform kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nesithando somlilo esivulekile. I-preform ibekwe ngaphakathi kwaleli oveni futhi ibekwe emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-2000 degrees Celsius, lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthambisa i-preform futhi ikwazi ukuyilawula.

Kule nqubo, ububanzi be-fiber optical bufinyelelwa, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ukungezwani okuqhubekayo ukuze ubukhulu kulo lonke ubude be-fiber optical bungahluki. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umgogodla awunakho ukuhluka okunjalo kububanzi bawo ukugcina ukungezwani okufanayo okufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabikho kwemisinga ye-convection kuhhavini kufanele kuqinisekiswe.

Ngokunjalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lapho i-preform ithamba futhi, ukungena kwama-ejenti angangcolisa noma akhiqize ama-microcracks kuyakugwenywa, okungadala ukulahleka kokuncipha kwawo ngisho nokwephuka kwe-fiber fiber.

Phakathi nale nqubo, izinto zokwenziwa nazo zengezwa kulo mfanekiso, imvamisa iyi-polymer ene-viscous. Ukubaluleka kwale polymer ukuthi kuvumela i-fiber optical ukuthi yelulwe ngejubane eliphakeme. Lokhu kudala ungqimba ofanayo, ongenakho ukungcola ozungeze i-fiber. Ekugcineni, lokhu kuvikelwa kuyomiswa futhi kuqiniswe, ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezishisayo noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-ultraviolet.

Izicelo ze-Fiber Optic

I-fiber ine-versatility emangalisayo, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni kwedijithali, ubucwebe, izinzwa, ukukhanyisa, imihlobiso, phakathi kwabanye. Nazi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivame kakhulu ze-fiber optics nokunye okungeziwe.

Ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic

Isilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke noma ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-fiber optics kwenzelwa ezokuxhumana ngocingo. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa izintambo eziningana ukwakha izintambo ze-fiber optic. Imvamisa, imicu esetshenziselwa lokhu yenziwa ngepulasitiki noma ngengilazi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi yenziwa ngazo zombili izinto.

Izinzwa ze-fiber optic

Izinzwa ze-fiber optic zingahlukanisa phakathi kwezinzwa zangaphakathi nezinzwa ezingaphandle. Izinzwa zangaphakathi zibhekisa kusibalo uqobo njengenzwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzinzwa ezingaphandle, i-fiber iyindlela yokudlulisa amasiginali ekhishwa inzwa ohlelweni olucubungula amasiginali ashiwo.

Ngoba akukho ukusakazwa kwamandla kagesi kumicu ye-optical, banenzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa zikagesi. Ngisho nentambo ye-fiber iyodwa inzwa enhle yokukala ukukhubazeka, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi yasemkhathini, umswakama, izinkambu zikagesi, amandla kazibuthe, amagesi, ukudlidliza, phakathi kwabanye.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-fiber optics ekusetshenzisweni kwemakrofoni yasemanzini ukuthola ukuthikamezeka komhlaba noma ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi akhiqizwe yi-sonar. Ngalokhu, izinzwa ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezenziwe nge-fiber optics zisetshenziselwe ukudala izinhlelo ze-hydrophonic. Lolu hlobo lohlelo lusetshenziswa kakhulu yimboni kawoyela nezinhlangano zezokuvikela nakwamanye amazwe. Ngokunjalo, inkampani yakwaSennheiser evela eJalimane yakha umbhobho osebenza nge-laser light ne-fiber optics.

Ngalo mqondo ofanayo, kusetshenziswa izinzwa ze-fiber optic ezilinganisa izinga lokushisa nengcindezi yasemkhathini emithonjeni kawoyela. Lezi zinhlobo zezinzwa ziyakwazi ukumelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa ezenziwe ngama-semiconductors.

Ku-aviation kune-gyroscope eyenziwe nge-fiber optics, kanye ne-hydrogen microsensors.

Lezi zinzwa ze-photonic ezenziwe nge-fiber optics ngokuvamile ziqukethe izingxenye ezine eziyisisekelo, okuyilezi:

Inzwa: yi-transducer
Umphenyi: ngubani okhipha futhi amukele isiginali evela ku-fiber optical.
Ikhebula elibonakalayo: yi-fiber ebonakalayo
Ama-coupler we-Optical, ama-multiplexers, ama-amplifiers noma ama-switch: ama-elementi asiza uhlelo lwe-optical nolukagesi ukuthi lushade ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisiginali, futhi luyakwazi ukuphatha amasiginali ahlukile avela emithonjeni ehlukene.

Ukusebenza noma ukusebenza kwalolu hlelo kuqala ngokukhiqizwa kwesiginali ye-optical eyenziwe ngumphenyi, lokhu ukuze kucelwe imininingwane kulowo owemukelayo. Lolu lwazi luhamba nge-fiber optical yenzwa. Lapho iqhubeka ilinganisa izimo zemvelo ezifana namagesi, ingcindezi yasemkhathini, izinga lokushisa nezinye izinto, kunokuhluka ngamandla okukhanya, noma ubude bayo buyathinteka ngakho-ke, kukhona ushintsho kukho.

Lokhu kuguquka koshintsho, kungaba kubude besilinganiso samandla noma kubukhulu bokukhanya kubuyiselwa futhi nge-fiber optical kumphenyi. Ngemuva kwalokho, kulinganiselwa iphesenti lokwehluka kwalezi zinguquko. Ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms namathuluzi ahlukile njengama-coupoelectronic couplers, kungenzeka ukuguqula amasiginali we-optical abe amasiginali we-elekthronikhi, ukuze amasistimu kagesi ekugcineni akwazi ukuhumusha imininingwane, njengohlelo lokulawula noma lokubonisa. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela.

Ngokunjalo, ngokuya ngenani lethrafikhi yedatha njengaleyo edlula kwinethiwekhi ye-Intanethi, kungahle kube nama-optical multiplex, ama-switch optical, ama-optical amplifiers, noma ama-coupler ahlukahlukene we-optical ngendlela efanayo.

Ngokufanayo, amasistimu ezinzwa ze-fiber optic angahlelwa njengephuzu noma asatshalaliswe.

Amasistimu wenzwa yamaphuzu we-Optical

Lolu hlobo lohlelo lusebenzisa izinzwa ezisatshalalisiwe izikhundla ezichazwe ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yenzwa evumela ukuthi amapharamitha abhekwe ngawodwana. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlelo zamaphoyinti zivumela ukukalwa kwamapharamitha amaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezisatshalalisiwe, ukuqapha uhlelo lwamaphoyinti kungafika kuma-250 km.

Amasistimu we-Optical Sensor

Kulokhu, izilinganiso nokutholwa kokuhluka kwepharamitha ye-optical etholwa ngophenyo, kuvela kudatha etholwe kuyo yonke i-fiber optical. Lokhu kuveza inzuzo ngoba kuyindawo ye-fiber optic strand esetshenziswa njengomhumushi wohlelo. Isistimu ye-optical esatshalalisiwe ingafinyelela ebangeni lamakhilomitha ayi-120 ubude.

I-Iluminación

Izicelo zokuqala i-fiber optics eyayinazo kwakungukukhanya kwezikhala ngqo. Ngisho nanamuhla, lolu hlelo lokusebenza lusekhona nge-fiber optics. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-fiber optical ivumela ukukhanyisa izindawo ngaphandle kokudala ukushisa futhi ngaphandle kwengozi yamasekethe amafushane, ngoba i-fiber optical yakhelwe ukudluliselwa kwemishayo ekhanyayo.

Kungenzeka, ngokuguqula imvamisa, ukushintsha umbala wokukhanyisa. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu ngokwesibonelo uma kukhanyiswa isibani, ngoba kungenzeka ukushintsha umbala ngaphandle kokushintsha isibani.

Ngokunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi sandise izindawo zokukhanyisa njengoba kungenzeka ukubeka imicu ehlukene ye-optical ezindaweni eziningi, usebenzisa umthombo owodwa wokukhanya.

Ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-fiber optics

Isetshenziswa njengomhlahlandlela wamaza emisebeni yokukhanya ekhishwe yimishini yezokwelapha noma yezimboni edinga izindawo ezikhanyayo lapho ulayini wokubuka ungatholakali khona ngqo noma kalula.

Singasebenzisa njengesibonelo i-endoscope evumelana nezimo esetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, esebenzisa i-fiber optics ngokuhlangana namalensi ukuze sikwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ingaphakathi lezitho ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlinzwa okuhlasela kakhulu. Endabeni yezimboni, ukuhlola imishini efana nama-turbines.

Eqinisweni, i-fiber optics njengamanje isetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhlobisa, njengoba kwenzeka ezihlahleni zikaKhisimusi ezinemicu yokukhanya emagatsheni azo ekhanyisa isihlahla, futhi kungenzeka futhi nokushintsha umbala wazo.

Esinye isibonelo sokufakwa ku-fiber optics yileso esisetshenziswe ezakhiweni ezithile, ezithwebula ukukhanya kwemvelo ophahleni lwazo futhi ngenxa ye-fiber optics lokhu kukhanya kungaya ezikhaleni zangaphakathi zesakhiwo.

Futhi ekugcineni, namuhla kukhona ingxube phakathi kokhonkolo ne-fiber optics okuholela kukhonkolo oguqukayo. Le nto yenziwa ngumakhi wezakhiwo uRon Losonczi, futhi into emangalisayo ngaleli khonkolo ukuthi isengaba namandla kakhonkolo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi ye-fiber optics yokudlulisa ukukhanya.

Izici ze-fiber optic

I-fiber ebonakalayo ngumugqa wokudlulisa we-dielectric osebenza ngaphakathi kwe-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ku-band optical. Kule band band lapho singathola khona imibala, kepha kukhona nebhendi ye-infrared eseduze ne-infrared band. Ku-fiber optical, ingxenye yala ma frequency ivame ukusetshenziswa.

Umucu ngamunye we-fiber optic unendawo enkabeni eyenziwe ngepulasitiki noma ingilazi, okungukuthi, i-Silicon ne-Germanium oxide. Lo mongo unenkomba ephezulu yokubuyisa futhi umbozwe ngengubo enenkomba ephansi yokubuyisa. Lokhu kuvumela ukukhanya ukuthi kudlule emgodini kuphela futhi kungaphunyeli ngaphandle. Kujwayelekile ukuthi lolu ungqimba lokumboza lwenziwe nge-polymer noma ngepulasitiki.

Lo mehluko phakathi kwama-indices we-Refractive okumele ubekhona phakathi kwengqikithi nokufakwa kwawo kungenxa yemigomo yokukhipha ukukhanya. Lesi simiso sithi lapho indawo enenkomba ethile yokubonisa ifinyelela kwenye indawo enenkomba ephansi yokubuyisa, ukukhanya kuyabonakala futhi, umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zinkomba, kukhula i-engela yesigameko, ngakho-ke kuzoba khona ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi okuphelele .

Ku-fiber optical, ukukhanya kuyabhampa noma kubonakala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, futhi ama-engeli okukhombisa abanzi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukukhanya kuhamba ngendlela eqondile maphakathi nendawo, kuyivumela ukuthi ihambe ibanga elide ngaphandle ukubuna.

Ukusebenza kwe-fiber optic

Imithetho ye-geometry ebonakalayo yileso esungula ukusebenza kanye nemigomo eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwe-fiber optical. I-fiber ebonakalayo ilawulwa ikakhulukazi ngumthetho wokuphinda uhambe ngomgomo wokubonisa kwangaphakathi okuphelele.

Imishayo ekhanyayo idluliswa ngomgogodla we-fiber optical, nginike umehluko kuma-indices we-refractive, lolu gongolo alunakudlula ekubekeni kepha empeleni lubonakala kulo futhi luyaqhubeka nokusakazeka ngomongo.

Okulandelayo, sizokwethula izinzuzo nezinkinga ze-fiber optic technology.

Izinzuzo

Ine-bandwidth enkulu kakhulu, evumela ukushesha okusheshayo kokudlulisa
It is a ubuchwepheshe obuncane, okungukuthi, kuthatha isikhala esincane kakhulu.
Kuyinto elula, ngoba isisindo sayo kuphela ngamagremu ambalwa ngekhilomitha. Ngokungafani nentambo kagesi ekwazi ngisho ukukala izikhathi eziphindwe kayi-9 kune-fiber optical.
Akuvikeleki ngokuphelele ekungcoleni kwe-electromagnetic. Ngakho-ke inekhwalithi yokudlulisa ephakeme kunemigqa ejwayelekile, ngoba ayiphazanyiswa ngokwesibonelo ngamasekethe amafushane angaphandle noma izivunguvungu zikagesi.
Ngokuqondile ngoba ivikelekile ekuphazanyisweni, i-fiber optics iqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphezulu kolwazi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokungena ngaphakathi kohlelo lokudlulisela i-fiber optic ukulwenza lube buthakathaka ngisho nokuluphazamisa, lukwenze lubonakale kalula.
Akukhiqizi ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izinhlelo.
Ayithintwa yizimpawu zezinambuzane, ngakho-ke ezinhlelweni ezinjenge-subway lapho kunezinhlelo ezingaphazamisa kalula ukuxhumana, i-fiber optics iba ngenye indlela ehamba phambili.
Ukuncishiswa kwayo kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuhamba amabanga amade ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufaka izinto ezisebenzayo njengama-amplifiers ukugcina isignali.
Ngokuya ngezinto okwenziwa ngazo ingubo ne-hood, i-fiber optical ingaba nokuqina okuhle kwemishini.
Kuyinto ukumelana ukugqwala.
Inesistimu ebizwa nge-optical reflectrometry ekuvumela ukuthi ubone kalula amaphuzu obuthakathaka noma i-fiber cut endleleni.

nebubi

Njengoba sethula zonke izinzuzo ze-fiber optics, sizoqhubeka nokwethula ukungalungi kwalobu buchwepheshe uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imigqa yokudlulisa.

Ubucayi obukhulu be-fiber.
Kudinga imishini yokudlulisa nokwamukela ebiza kakhulu.
Izinhlayiya ezenziwe nge-fiber optics ziyinkimbinkimbi ukukwenza, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni, ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kunzima kakhulu.
Njengoba ingakwazi ukuhambisa ugesi, ayihambisani ngqo nezinhlelo zokuphela, ngokuvamile ezisebenza ngogesi.
Ayikwazi ukudlulisa amandla aphakeme kakhulu.
Ayikwazi ukugcina imininingwane kahle.
Ithinteka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi, ngakho-ke ibhantshi nokokumboza kufanele kube izinto ezingamelana nokushisa.
Ukudlidlizela kungathinta ukudluliswa kwedatha kahle.

Izinhlobo ze-fiber optic

Ngaphakathi komgogodla we-fiber optical kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingalandelwa wumsebe wokukhanya. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokusabalalisa. I-fiber ebonakalayo ingahlukaniswa njenge-multimode noma i-singlemode fiber.

I-multimode fiber

I-multimode fiber isho lapho ukukhanya kungahamba khona ngaphezu kwendlela noma imodi engaphezu kweyodwa. Umucu owodwa we-multimode fiber ungaba nezindlela ezifika ku-1000 zokusakazwa kwemishayo ekhanyayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imishayo ekhanyayo ayifiki ngasikhathi sinye. Lolu hlobo lwe-fiber luvame ukusetshenziswa emabangeni amafushane, cishe amabanga angaphansi kwamakhilomitha ama-2.

Inkomba ekhombayo yomgogodla we-multimode fiber iphakeme kancane kunenkomba yokubuyisa ye-cladding. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bomgogodla we-multimode fiber bukhulu kakhulu kunoboya be-singlemode fiber, lokhu kuvumela ukuthi kube lula ukuxhuma ngoba akudingi ukucacisa okunjalo ngqo.

I-multimode fiber nayo ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinhlobo ezimbili ngokuya ngohlobo lwenkomba yokubuyisa yomgogodla wayo, okungukuthi:

Inkomba emile: kuleli cala, inkomba ekhombayo ihlala njalo kubude be-nucleus, ngaleyo ndlela iba nokuhlakazeka okuphezulu kwemodi

Inkomba kancane kancane: kuleli cala ingqikithi yakhiwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ngakho-ke inkomba ekhombayo ayishintshi kulo lonke ubude be-fiber futhi, ngakho-ke, inokusabalalisa okuphansi kwemodi.

Ngokufanayo, indinganiso esungulwe ku-ISO 11801, ikhombisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-multimode fiber fiber ngokuya ngomkhawulokudonsa kanye nomthombo wokukhanya ozosetshenziswa, ukusho uma ngabe kuyi-multimode ku-laser, noma i-multimode ekukhanyeni okuholwa.

I-OM1: I-Fiber 62.5 / 125 µm, i-1 Gigabit (1 Gbit / s), i-LED.
I-OM2: I-Fiber 50 / 125 µm, i-1 Gigabit (1 Gbit / s), i-LED.
I-OM3: Fibre 50/125 µm, 10 Gigabit (300 m), iLaser.

I-Singlemode fiber

Njengoba besichazile phambilini, imodi yethemu isetshenziswa ukukhombisa inani lama-trajectories izibani ezikhanyayo ezingaba nazo. Ku-fiber yemodi eyodwa, kunemodi eyodwa kuphela ukukhanya okungadlula kuyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ububanzi bengqikithi buncane. Ngokunjalo, ukukhanya kwe-theoretically kudabula maphakathi nefayibha ngokungafani ne-multimode eqhuma ezindongeni zomongo. Lolu hlobo lwe-fiber lusetshenziswa ikakhulu emizileni yamabanga amade.

Okuxekethile isakhiwo ikhebula

Kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa i-fiber optical ngokuya ngomklamo wayo, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-fiber optical ngokuya ngalesi sigaba.

Lolu hlobo lwefayibha lungasetshenziswa ngaphandle nangaphandle futhi luqukethe imicu eminingana ye-fiber ehlukaniswe ngamaqembu afakwa kuma-tubes azungeze ukuqiniswa okuphakathi, futhi lawa ambozwe ngejakhethi evikelayo.

Igama elithi ukwakheka okuxekethile livela eqinisweni lokuthi imicu ye-fiber optic ayikhululekile ngaphakathi kwamashubhu aqondiswa kuwo. Le tube ingaba umgodi noma ibe nezinto ze-hydrophobic ngaphakathi, ukuze isebenze njengokuvikela i-fiber optical ekulweni nomswakama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekufanele ivuleke, ivumela i-fiber optical ukuthi ihlukaniswe namandla angaphandle womshini akhishwa kukhebula.

I-brace yesikhungo ngokuvamile iyaguquguquka futhi inika amandla ikhebula. Kungenziwa ngensimbi noma ngezinto zedielectri.

Ikhebula lesakhiwo esiqinile

Le khebuli inezicelo ikakhulu zangaphakathi kwezakhiwo njengoba ziguquguquka kalula futhi zivumela ama-radii amancane okugoba kunezintambo zesakhiwo esixegayo.

Le ntambo iqukethe ukuhlanganiswa kwemicu eminingana ye-fiber optic ngayinye enengubo nejakhethi. Le micu izungeza isiqeshana esiphakathi futhi yonke le sethi ivikelekile ungqimba lwangaphandle. Igama layo livela eqinisweni lokuthi yonke imicu ye-fiber iqine kakhulu, enikeza ukusekelwa okuhle ngokomzimba.

Izingxenye ze-Fiber Optic

Kuhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-fiber optic kunezinto ezithile ezidingekayo ukuze ukudlulisa kube yimpumelelo. Lezi zingxenye zifaka imishini yokudlulisa amehlo, imitshina yokukhanya, izixhumi ze-fiber optic noma ama-terminals, phakathi kwabanye.

Izidlulisi ezibonakalayo

Lezi yizinto eziphethe ukuguqula imininingwane noma idatha evela emthonjeni we-elekthronikhi iye kudatha ebonakalayo noma imishayo ekhanyayo. Ukufeza lokhu, umthumeli usebenzisa ama-electron kumvamisa othile ukuze ajabule ngaphakathi kwezinto ezifana ne-silicon, evame ukudala imishayo yokukhanya, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-photon, ngendlela yamandla. Ama-Photon ayizinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo zokukhanya. I-transmitter ngaphakathi ine-modulator egcwalisa umsebenzi wokuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla we-optical.

Okukhipha ugongolo

Kuma-optical transmitters kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-emitters ezikhipha amasiginali we-optical, okuyilezi:

LED.

Kuyi-diode ekhipha ukukhanya, noma i-Light Emitting Diode. Lolu hlobo lwe-emitter ekhanyayo lusetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-multimode fiber ngenxa yokusebenziseka kalula kwayo nesikhathi sempilo. Yize kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lokukhanya alukwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade, ngakho-ke lusetshenziselwa amabanga amafushane ngoba afeza umsebenzi futhi anciphise nezindleko.

Ama-Lasers

I-Amplified Stimulated Spontaneous Radiation of Light. Ikhipha ukukhanya okuhambisanayo, futhi isebenzisa ama-semiconductors ukukhipha ukukhanya. ukukhanya kwe-laser kungasetshenziswa kumicu ye-multimode nakwimicu yemodi eyodwa, yize imvamisa isetshenziswa kuphela kumicu yemodi eyodwa ngoba ukujikeleza kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kubiza kakhulu. Isikhathi sempilo ye-laser, yize yinde, imvamisa ingaphansi kwesilinganiso sama-LED.

Iziguquli zamanje ezikhanyisa ugesi

Ekudlulisweni kwe-fiber optic fiber kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nento ethola ubukhona bama-photon. Imvamisa, iyi-photodiode ebhekele ukuguqulwa kwamasignali we-optical abe amasignali kagesi. Lokhu kutholakala ngokuhumushela ubukhona noma ukungabi bikho kokukhanya kube yizimpawu ezinokuphakama nokuphansi noma okunye noziro.

Futhi, zisetshenziselwa inqubo ebuyela emuva, okungukuthi, ukuguqula amasiginali kagesi abe amasiginali we-optical. Noma kungenzeka ukuguqula ukukhanya kube yizimpawu zikagesi, futhi lezi zikhipha amandla athile, akwanele ukunika amandla imishini yokugcina. Le mishini yokugcina imishini ingugesi, ngakho-ke kudingeka omunye umthombo wamandla.

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, imvamisa laba baguquli be-opto-electric bane-photodiode noma i-semiconductor. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuyikho kwalaba bafundisayo, kufanele kube nemibandela ethile, eyi:

Uma kungekho ukukhanya, i-reverse yamanje akumele ibe phezulu kakhulu ukuze ikwazi ukuthola amasignali we-optical abuthakathaka kakhulu.
Kufanele ibe ne-bandwidth enkulu, ukuze ikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngejubane lokuphendula.
Amazinga omsindo akhiqizwa yila ma-semiconductors kufanele abe mancane.

Ngokulandelayo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemitshina, ama-PIN photodiode nama-APD avalanche photodiode.

Ama-PIN detectors

Lolu hlobo lwemitshina lune-semiconductor enezingqimba ezintathu, izingqimba ezimbili zangaphandle zingenye yohlobo P nolunye lohlobo N kanti oluphakathi yi-Intrinsic semiconductor. Yilapho igama layo le-PIN livela khona. Le nto engaphakathi ekusebenzeni ivame ukubekwa njengesandiso sezinto P noma impahla N.

Imitshina ye-APD

Lawa angama-semiconductors e-avalanche. Lawa ma-photodiode, lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage eguquguqukayo kuwo, akhiqiza inzuzo yamanje. Ukusebenza kwale mitshina ye-semiconductor avalanche iqukethe ukwenza i-electron travel futhi ihlangabezana ne-athomu ukuze ikwazi ukukhipha enye i-electron. Isizathu sokuthi kusetshenziswe ama-semiconductors ama-avalanche kungenxa yokuthi le electron ethunyelwayo iyadingeka ukuphatha inani lamandla elanele.

Ama-detectors we-APD angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezintathu, ngokuya ngezinto ezenziwe ngazo:

Imitshina ye-Silicon

Lezi zinhlobo zemitshina zisebenza kahle futhi zikhiqiza amazinga aphansi omsindo. Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwalolu hlobo lwemitshina kuphakathi kuka-200 V kuye ku-300 V

Imitshina yeGermanium

Ngokuvamile, kusebenza ngama-wavelengths ngaphakathi kwebanga le-1000 ne-1300 nm, yize kusebenza kancane.

Imitshina ezinye izinto

Le mitshina yakhiwe ngezinto zokwakha noma amakhemikhali atholakala kumaqembu III no-V wetafula lezikhathi ezithile.

Izinhlobo zokupholisha i-fiber optic

Izinhlobo zokupholisha zizoxhomeka kwizixhumi ezitholakala emaphethelweni e-fiber fiber, zingahlukaniswa ngokohlobo lwazo lokupholisha. Lolu hlobo lokupholisha luzohluka ngokwendlela exhunywe ngayo.

I-Plano: lokhu kupholisha kushiya imikhawulo ye-fiber bushelelezi futhi ibheke ngqo eksisi yayo, okungukuthi, isicaba ngokuphelele.

PC (Ukuthintana ngokoqobo): Imicu inqanyulwa ngendlela eyi-convex, ifaka ama-cores azo zombili izintambo.

I-SPC (Super PC): Iyafana ne-PSP, imiphetho ingama-lime kancane ngakho-ke ibukeka njengonxantathu ngaphandle kwephuzu maphakathi, kepha isicabalele.

I-UPC (i-Ultra PC): lilingana ne-SPC kepha imiphetho ibuye ibizwe ukuze isikhungo se-fiber kuphela isicaba.

I-UPC ethuthukisiwe: Yinguqulo enephrofayili kakhulu kunaleyo eyedlule, ngakho oxhumana naye kufanele abe nokunemba okwedlulele.

I-APC (i-Angled PC): Lolu hlobo lokupholisha luqukethe ukwenza iphrofayli nge-engeli ethile, le engeli ivumela ukuqinisekisa ngokunemba okukhulu ukuthintana okungokomzimba phakathi kwezinhlamvu zombili izingxenye.

Izixhumi ze-Fiber Optic

Izixhumi yizakhi ezivumela ukuthi i-fiber optical ixhumeke kwimishini yokugcina. Le mishini yokugcina ine Izimbobo Zokuxhumana Kwamakhompyutha ngokuxhumeka kwe-fiber optic. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwechweba, uhlobo oluthile lokuxhuma bese lusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwefayibha. Kuyafana nokwenzeka ngezintambo ezijwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo ngekhebula le-coaxial kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezixhumi futhi ngayinye ifeza umsebenzi.

Ngamafuphi, izinhlobo zezixhumi ze-fiber optics yilezi:

FC
I-FDDI
I-LC ne-MT-Array
SC ne-SC-Duplex
ST noma i-BFOC

Izixhumi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-fiber optics, ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi endawo izixhumi ze-ST, LC, FC ne-SC.

Izintambo ze-fiber ezibonakalayo

Ikhebula le-fiber optic liqukethe iqembu lezintambo eziningana ezibonakalayo lapho kubonakala khona amasiginali ahlukahlukene. I-fiber ngayinye ingathumela idatha enkulu emithonjeni ehlukene, ngakho-ke ikhebula le-fiber optic lingathumela imininingwane evela kuzinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ngasikhathi sinye.

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ziyindlela engenzeka kakhulu yokushintshwa kwezintambo ze-coaxial embonini yezokuxhumana kanye nomkhakha we-elekthronikhi. Ngisho nentambo enezintambo ezi-8 ezibonakalayo isencane kakhulu kunezintambo ezivamile. Ikhebula le-fiber optic linamandla okuthumela imininingwane elingana naleyo ethunyelwe izintambo zethusi ezingama-60 ezinamabhangqa ayi-1623, noma amakhebuli ama-coaxial ama-4 amashubhu ayi-8. Ngokwengeziwe, i-fiber optics ingathumela imininingwane emabangeni amakhulu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubeka iziphindayo noma izikhulisi eziningi njengoba kungenzeka uma kusetshenziswa izintambo zethusi.

Futhi, kubalulekile ukugqamisa umehluko wesisindo okhona phakathi kwekhebula le-fiber optic nekhebula lethusi. Isibonelo, ikhebula le-8-fiber fiber optic lingaba nesisindo esingaphansi kuka-30 kg ngekhilomitha, kuyilapho ikhebula le-coaxial lingaba nesisindo esingafika kuma-45 kg ngekhilomitha. Futhi ngokufanayo, i-fiber optics ivumela ukugijima okukodwa kusuka kumakhilomitha ama-2 kuye kwangama-4 ngokuhlukana. Endabeni yekhebula le-coaxial, livumela kuphela ama-run wamamitha angama-250 kuye kwangama-300.

Kodwa-ke, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi i-fiber optical idinga ukugqokiswa okungeziwe nezinye izinto eziqinisa ukufakwa kwayo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukungabeki umugqa engcupheni futhi, ngokuzayo, ukwephuka kungenzeka ngenxa yokuqina kwawo.

Izici zekhebula

Lezi zintambo ze-fiber optic zinemisebenzi ehlukile. Okokuqala, singasho ukuthi isebenza njengento evikela imicu yangaphakathi ebonakalayo ukuze ingalimali noma ikhefu elingenzeka ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwekhebula noma ngesikhathi sokusebenziseka kwayo, okuvamise ukuba yiminyaka engama-20 .

Okwesibili, izintambo ze-fiber optic zinikela ngokuqina kwemishini ku-fiber yangaphakathi ebonakalayo ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nezimo zokuqina kokuqina kokuqina kanye nezimo zemvelo ezingadalulwa kuzo. Yingakho ngaphezu kwekhebula, ezinye izinto zifakiwe ukuqinisa nokuhlukanisa i-fiber optical kulezi zinto zangaphandle namandla abekwa kuwo.

Lezi zintambo zingaba nokufakwa ngaphansi komhlaba, umkhumbi wamanzi noma i-transoceanic noma ukufakwa emoyeni. Elinye lamaphuzu abucayi kakhulu wohlelo olunezintambo ze-fiber optic ngesikhathi sokufakwa, futhi yingakho izinto ezithile zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela i-fiber ekulimaleni.

Idizayini yekhebula le-fiber optic nezinto

Indima ezodlalwa ikhebula le-fiber optic izonquma ukwakheka kwayo. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe ingasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene, zonke izintambo ze-fiber optic zinezinto eziningi ezifanayo, okuyizingubo zesibili, imicu yangaphakathi, izakhi ezinikela ekuqiniseni nasekwakheni ikhebula, ibhantshi elihlangana ndawonye yonke imicu ye-fiber nezinto zokwakha umswakama. Ukumbozwa kwesibili kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:

Umugqa we-Snug

Le liner imvamisa iyisicoco esiqinile se-annular esenziwe ngenayiloni noma i-polyester emboza i-liner eyinhloko. Ngakho-ke le ngubo yesibili inyusa ububanzi bokugcina be-fiber optical. Umsebenzi wale ngubo ukuhlinzeka ukuvikelwa kuma-microbend okungenzeka abe khona ku-fiber optical. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe le ngubo ivikela kulokhu kugoba, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele lapho ufaka i-fiber optical, ngoba isengenzeka ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

I-liner engenalutho engenalutho

Le liner inesikhala esikhulu ngokwedlulele, esiqukethe ishubhu elingenalutho elenziwe ngensimbi futhi lihlanganiswe noplastiki. Lokhu kwenza le tube ibe yinto enzima, kepha ngasikhathi sinye iguquguquke. Inhloso yokwenza ukumbozwa okwedlulele ukuthi ivikela i-fiber optical ekunyakazeni, emazingeni okushisa nasemandleni emishini.

Ulwelwesi okuxekethile nge padding

Kungukumbozwa okufanayo okukhulunywe ngenhla, kepha ngaphakathi kwento ekwaziyo ukuvimbela umswakama kuyethulwa. Ngokwethula okokusebenza kwe-hydrophobic ngaphakathi, kuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angafiki ku-fiber optical. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa ekudlidlizeleni nakwamanye amanxusa ezemvelo, futhi iyakwazi ukumelana namazinga athile okushisa. Kuvamile ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinto ezitholakala ku-petroleum noma i-silicone.

Izakhi zesakhiwo

Lezi zinto ziyizakhiwo ezisebenza njengesiqondisi esiphakathi sendlela okufanele ilandelwe i-fiber optical. I-fiber ebonakalayo isatshalaliswa ngalesi sakhiwo noma iboshwe ngaso. Ngokuvamile, lezi zakhiwo zineziteshi noma ama-grooves asebenza njengesiqondisi esengeziwe se-fiber optical.

Ukuqinisa izinto

Njengoba igama labo likhombisa, inhloso yabo ukuhlinzekela ngokuqinisa ikhebula le-fiber optic ukuze bahlukanise, ngangokunokwenzeka, amandla okuqina lapho imicu ingabekwa khona futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho ukunwebeka okuphawulekayo okungadala ingaphakathi ukuqhekeka. Ngaphezu kokuvikela ukunwebeka, ivikela nezintambo ze-fiber optic kuma-kinks nokudlidliza. Izinto ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa ukuqinisa izakhiwo yi-Kevlar fiberglass nensimbi ngoba ziyizinto eziguquguqukayo kepha futhi zinokuqina.

UHeather

Yonke intambo ye-fiber optic inejakhethi evame ukwenziwa ngepulasitiki. Lo mgogodla uyisembozo sangaphandle sekhebula le-fiber optic futhi umsebenzi waso ukuvikela umnyombo kusuka kuma-ejenti angaphandle, amandla nezinto ezenzekayo, njengomswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, phakathi kwabanye.

Izinto ezizokwakha izembozo zethu zizohluka ngokuya ngokufakwa kwazo nokusetshenziswa kwazo, ngokwesibonelo izintambo ezibonakalayo ezingaphakathi kolwandle kumele zinikeze ukuvikelwa kumswakama, ingcindezi yasemkhathini ngisho nasekulungeni koshaka. Uma kuyintambo ye-fiber optic ezofakwa emoyeni, khona-ke umgogodla kufanele uvikele umnyombo ekudlidlizeni nasezinkomishini ezenziwa ngumoya, futhi nakumazinga okushisa nomswakama. Noma uma ekugcineni, ukufakwa kwayo kuzoba ngaphansi komhlaba, ikhava kumele libe nzima kakhulu ukumelana nokwethuka nezingcindezi ezinikezwe, isibonelo, isiminyaminya sezimoto.

Amasu okusika

Kujwayelekile ukuthi ekugijimeni okukhulu kakhulu, kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-120, kuyadingeka ukwenza izinhlayiya phakathi kwemicu, ngoba ayikho i-fiber eqhubekayo enobude obungaka. Futhi noma ngabe kwenzeka ukuphuka, kuyadingeka ukwenza lolu hlobo lokulungisa.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlayiya ezikhona yilezi ezilandelayo:

Isihlakala semishini

Lolu hlobo lwe-splice luqukethe uhlobo lomkhono lapho kufakwa khona imicu emibili bese kwenziwa ukujija ngomshini ukujoyina ama-cores amabili. Lezi zinhlayiya ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa okwesikhashana noma lapho ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kuthathwa njengokungenasidingo. Ukulahleka okuhlobene nalesi sikhathi se-splice kuku-0,5 dB.

Ukunemba ngamaglu

Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa iglue ekhethekile esobala evumela ukuthi imijikelezo emibili yefayibha ihlanganiswe futhi le Union ivikelwe ngohlobo oluthile lokuqiniswa kwangaphandle. Inokulahleka kwe-0.2 dB, kepha imvamisa ayinakwethenjwa kakhulu ngoba i-glue ingavama ukuphinda ihlube futhi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Fusion

Ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-fusion splicer lisetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi obucayi futhi onemba ngokwengeziwe. Kulomsebenzi, opharetha kufanele ngaphambili alungiselele i-fiber ngaphambi kokwethula imikhawulo kulesi sipikiseli. Leli thuluzi linamandla okubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi imikhawulo inayo yini into engcolisayo noma uma kudingeka ukupholisha okungcono, noma uma kufanele kube nokuqondana okungcono phakathi kwemicu. Uma zonke lezi zidingo zihlangatshezwa, khona-ke kuqhubeka kushisa leyo ndawo kuphela, kuncibilike i-fiber futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganyele izinhlamvu zayo. Ukulahleka kwalesi splice kungu-0.02 dB.

Ukuncishiswa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic

Ukuncishiswa kwethemu kusho ukulahleka kwamandla okwenzeka kulayini wokudlulisa. Iyunithi yayo yokukala i-decibel (dB). Ku-fiber optics kunezizathu ezahlukahlukene zokuthi kungani ukunqandeka kwenzeka kukhebula. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokulahleka, okungukulahleka kwangaphakathi noma ukulahleka nokulahleka kwangaphandle.

Ukwehliswa kwangaphakathi yilawo akhiqizwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nezinye izinto zokwenziwa kwawo. Lokho wukuthi, lezo zimbangela eziyingxenye yokwakheka kwe-Silicon ne-Germanium kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza intambo. Njengoba izinqubo zingaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ngeke kwenzeke ukufinyelela intambo yefayibha ngaphandle kokuncishiswa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunqanyulwa kwangaphandle yilokho okwenziwa yizinto zangaphandle, njengokungcola, ukuxhumana okungalungile, ukupholisha okungalungile kwamaphrofayela abo, amalunga, phakathi kwabanye. Lokhu kuncishiswa noma ukulahlekelwa kungahlukaniswa ngokulandelana ngale ndlela elandelayo:

Ukulahleka kokumuncwa

Lolu hlobo lokuncipha lwenzeka lapho kukhona ukungcola ngaphakathi kwefayibha. Lokhu kungcola kumunca noma kuphazamise ukuhamba kokukhanya. Lokhu kumuncwa kuvame ukuguqula ukukhanya kube ngamandla okushisa, kukhiqize ukulahleka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-1000 dB / km.

Ukulahlekelwa nguRayleigh

Lapho kwenziwa i-fiber optical, kunesikhashana sokupholisa kwayo ukuthi i-fiber ayikho esimweni esiwuketshezi futhi esiqinile, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokusetshenziswa okungalungile kokungezwani lapho kunwetshwa, lokhu kungakhipha okungahambi kahle okuncane. Lokhu okungahambi kahle kubangela ukusabalalisa kwemishayo ekhanyayo lapho idlula kuyo.

Ukuhlakazeka

Ukuhlakazeka kwenzeka lapho kunokuhlukahluka enkombeni ye-refractive ngakho-ke ukukhanya kukhishwe ngendlela ehlukile kunokulindelekile, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yemifantu emincane ngaphakathi kwefayibha, ukungcola noma izizathu zangaphakathi ze-fiber.

Ukuhlakazeka kwe-Intermodal

Lolu hlobo lokuhlakazeka lwenzeka lapho kukhona umehluko esikhathini sokusabalalisa sokukhanya lapho bethatha imizila ehlukene ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana le-fiber. Kungaziwa futhi ngegama le-modal dispersion. Lolu hlobo lokusabalalisa lwenzeka kuphela kumicu ye-multimode.

Ukuhlakazeka kwe-Chromatic kwalokhu okubhaliwe: lokhu kungumphumela wamaza wokukhanya ahlukile asabalalisa ngejubane elihlukile ngesilinganiso esinikeziwe.

Ukuhlakazeka kwe-Chromatic kwesiqondisi segagasi: Kungumsebenzi wobubanzi bomkhawulo wesiginali yolwazi futhi ukumiswa komhlahlandlela ngokuvamile kuncane kunokusakazwa kwangaphambilini ngakho-ke kunganakwa.

Ukulahleka kwemisebe

Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwenziwa ngama-kinks noma ama-bends kukhebula le-fiber optic. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufakwa noma lapho ukugoba kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwendlela i-fiber optic ehamba ngayo.

Ukubhangqa ukulahleka

Lapho usela noma ezindaweni zokugcina lapho kudingeka khona izixhumi, ukuncishiswa kuzohlala kukhona. Lokhu kuncishiswa kuvamise ukuba phansi, kepha hhayi okuncane. Njengalapho kunokuqondanisa okungalungile phakathi kwe-nuclei, kepha lokhu kufanele kulungiswe ukugwema ukubuya kwamaza.

I-Fiber Optic Working Windows

La mawindi asebenzayo asivumela ukuthi sisebenzise ingxenye yebhendi elikhanyayo le-infrared ye-spectrum kagesi. Kulokhu, kungamawindi lapho ubude bemikhawulo bukhona ngokohlelo lwama-nanometer. Kukhonjisiwe ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene ukuthi uma kusebenza kula mawindi womsebenzi kunokuncipha okuncane. Ngokuqondile, kukhona amafasitela amathathu:

Iwindi lokuqala elisebenzayo: ubude bebude buhlelelwe ama-nanometer angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisishiyagalombili.
Iwindi lomsebenzi lesibili: kulokhu ubude bamaza angama-nanometer ayi-2.
Iwindi elisebenza i-3: ubude be-waveland buhlelekile ngama-nanometer ayinkulungwane namakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisihlanu. Leli windi lokugcina lihlukaniswe ngeqembu le-S, C band ne-L band.

Ukuxhumeka kwe-Fiber Optic

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuxhuma kwe-fiber optic ohlelweni lwenethiwekhi. La ma-topologies amanethiwekhi wokukhomba-kuya-amaphuzu kanye namanethiwekhi ekhomba-kuya-multipoint.

Amanethiwekhi we-point-to-point yilawo lapho kwenziwa khona i-node kusuka emthonjeni wolwazi ngqo ezinkampanini, ekhaya noma kubasebenzisi abadinga insizakalo. Ngamanye amagama, ayikho i-intermediary noma enye i-node kunethiwekhi phakathi komsebenzisi nensizakalo.

Amanethiwekhi we-point-to-multipoint yilawo adinga i-splitter noma i-separator ye-optical, efana naleyo esetshenziselwa ithelevishini esivumela ukuthi sixhume amathelevishini ahlukene noma ngabe inkampani yekhebula iletha kuphela ikhebula le-coaxial. Ngemuva kwalokho, kusuka ku-emitter kuvela i-fiber ebonakalayo ehlukanisa isinali ngokusebenzisa izihlukanisi ezibonakalayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi ababili, abane, abayisithupha kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili. Kumanethiwekhi abanzi kakhulu, esinye salezi zingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili siyathathwa ukufaka esinye isihlukanisi se-optical kunethiwekhi esingondla abanye abasebenzisi abayi-8. Kodwa-ke, lezi zigaba zinomkhawulo futhi zidinga izikhulisi endleleni yazo.

Izikhulisi ze-Optical

Zisaqukethe imicu ye-optical kepha enqubeni yokukhiqiza zinamakhemikhali anezakhi ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi umhlaba ongajwayelekile. Esinye sezikhulisi ze-fiber optic ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-erbium doping.

Lesi sikhulisi sivame ukutholakala njenge-EDFA ngesifinyezo saso esiNgisini. Le amplifier isebenza ewindini lesithathu elisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi ku-band ye-C ne-L. Noma kunjalo, ingasebenza futhi ku-S band, kepha idinga amanye ama-ejenti noma ezinye izingxenye zamakhemikhali ezengeziwe.

Inzuzo eyinikeza isignali ebonakalayo ingaba kusuka kuma-decibel ayishumi nanhlanu kuya kwamashumi amane. Imvamisa iqukethe i-fiber ebonakalayo egcinwe endlini engunxande futhi ingaba namamitha ayishumi kuye kumashumi ayisithupha wobude be-fiber enedoped.

Isifingqo

I-fiber optics iyindlela yokudlulisa ethumela idatha ngemishayo yokukhanya. Izimiso lapho i-fiber fiber isuselwa khona isemithethweni ye-geometry ye-optical, ikakhulukazi emthethweni wokuphanjiswa.

Ekuqaleni kwayo, kwenziwa izifundo ezahlukahlukene ezigcwalisanayo kuze kube yilapho kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa i-fiber optical eyaziwa namuhla. Kulezi zifundo, kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukungafihli kwentambo noma umucu oyisisekelo kwakudingeka ukunciphisa ukuthambeka nokufeza ukulahlekelwa okuncane namuhla kwe-0.02dB / Km.

Izakhi ezivame ukwenziwa ze-fiber fiber yi-silicon oxide ne-germanium. Izingxenye zokumboza ezihlanganisa umnyombo ngokuvamile ziwuhlobo oluthile lweplastiki. Bese kulandela ingubo ehlinzeka ngokuqina kwemishini okungenziwa ngeNayiloni noma iKevlar, futhi ekugcineni ijakhethi epulasitiki evikela yonke ikhebula futhi ihlukanise imicu ezintweni zangaphandle.

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza okuyilezi:

MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition)
I-VAD (i-Vapor Axial Deposition)
I-OVD (Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Vapor Ngaphandle)
PCVD (Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition)

Akunandaba ukuthi hlobo luni lwendlela esetshenzisiwe, kuvamile phakathi kwakho konke lokhu ukuthi inqubo yokwelulwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi iyenziwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-fiber optics kwehlukile. Kokuxhumana, baba enye yezindlela noma imigqa yokudlulisa ngokugqama, ngenxa yomkhawulokudonsa wabo omkhulu nejubane lokudlulisa elingafinyelela kulo, kanye nokwethembeka noma ukuphepha kolwazi olunikezwa yileli hlelo. Kuma-sensors avumela ukutholwa kwezimo noma imingcele efana: nokushisa, umswakama, ingcindezi yasemkhathini, kanye nezinhlelo ze-sonar.

Futhi, isetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa, njenge-endoscope eguquguqukayo esebenzisa i-fiber optics njengendlela yokuqondisa ukukhanya ukuze ikhanyise izitho futhi ikwazi ukwenza ukuhlinza okungathathi hlangothi noma okunembe ngendlela enethezekile. Ngokufanayo, ngemiphumela yokuhlobisa njengezihlahla zikaKhisimusi.

Kungenzeka ushintshe imibala ekhonjiswa i-fiber fiber noma eboniswa ngokuhlukahluka kobude bemvamisa noma imvamisa ehamba ngayo.

Ezinye izinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-fiber optical kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo yi-bandwidth yayo, isivinini sokudlulisa idatha engafinyelela kuso, amasosha omzimba kagesi, ukunciphisa isikhala esisindayo nesisindo, kanye nokuvikeleka okuphezulu kolwazi.

Yize, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu, ngakho-ke kubiza kakhulu, ukufakwa nokulungiswa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kunezinhlelo ezijwayelekile, zibuthaka ngokwedlulele futhi azibekezeleli kakhulu amazinga okushisa, umswakama, ukudlidliza nokunwebeka.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-optics ngokuya ngenani lomsindo noma izindlela ezingazidlulisa.

Imicu ye-Multimode yilezo ezingathumela ama-wavevels ahlukene ngasikhathi sinye ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, yingakho igama lawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemicu yemodi eyodwa, imicu ye-multimode inengqikithi enkulu futhi inkomba yokubonisa phakathi kwengqimba nokufakwa kwehluka, kepha kancane kuphela. Ukuze amagagasi ahambe ku-nucleus agxuma ezindongeni ze-nucleus. Zisetshenziselwa imizila yebanga elifushane noma amanethiwekhi. Kuvame ukukhonjwa ngoba ijakhethi engaphandle imvamisa iwolintshi.

Imicu yemodi eyodwa yilezo ezinendlela yokudlulisa eyodwa kuphela futhi ingqikithi yazo incane uma iqhathaniswa nemicu yemodi eningi. Imodi yokudlulisa imvamisa i-axis emaphakathi yomongo, ngoba igxuma ngama-engeli amakhulu kakhulu. Imvamisa zihlukile kwi-multimode ngoba zisebenzisa ijakhethi engaphandle ephuzi.

Manje, ngokusho komklamo wayo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili futhi. Imicu ye-optical ehleleke kahle yilezo lapho imicu ye-fiber optic ikhululekile ngaphakathi kwamashubhu eqondiswa kuwo. Le tube ingaba umgodi noma ibe nezinto ze-hydrophobic ngaphakathi, ukuze isebenze njengokuvikela i-fiber optical ekulweni nomswakama.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, izintambo zezakhiwo eziqinile zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemicu eminingana ye-fiber optic embozwe ngubo nengubo. Le micu izungeza isiqeshana esiphakathi futhi yonke le sethi ivikelekile ungqimba lwangaphandle.

Kuhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-fiber optic kunezinto ezithile ezidingekayo ukuze ukudlulisa kube yimpumelelo. Phakathi kwalezi zingxenye kukhona ama-optical transmitters anjengama-LED noma ama-Lasers, ama-opto-converters abhekene nokuguqula amasiginali kagesi abe yi-optical azothunyelwa nge-fiber futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aguqule amasiginali we-optical atholakela kugesi futhi.

Futhi, kukhona imitshina yokubona eyi:

I-PIN
I-APD
USilicon
IGermanium
Ezinye izinto

Izinhlobo zokupholisha zizoxhomeka kwizixhumi ezitholakala emaphethelweni e-fiber fiber, zingahlukaniswa ngokohlobo lwazo lokupholisha.

I-Plano
PC (Ukuthintana ngokoqobo)
I-SPC (Super PC)
I-UPC (Ultra PC)
I-UPC ethuthukisiwe
I-APC (i-Angled PC)

Izixhumi yizakhi ezivumela ukuthi i-fiber optical ixhumeke kwimishini yokugcina. Izixhumi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-fiber optics, ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi endawo izixhumi ze-ST, LC, FC ne-SC.

Isihlakala semishini: lolu hlobo lwezinhlayiya luqukethe uhlobo lomkhono lapho kwethulwa khona imicu emibili bese kwenziwa ukujija ngomshini ukujoyina izinhlamvu zombili. Ukulahleka okuhlobene nalesi sikhathi se-splice kuku-0,5 dB.

Ukusikisela ngemibono: kulokhu kusetshenziswa iglu ekhethekile esobala evumela ukuthi imijikelezo emibili yefayibha ihlanganiswe futhi lelijoyini livikelwe ngohlobo oluthile lokuqiniswa kwangaphandle. Inokulahleka kwe-0.2 dB, kepha imvamisa ayinakwethenjwa kakhulu ngoba i-glue ingavama ukuphinda ihlube futhi.

I-Fusion splicing: Isisuli sinekhono lokubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi imikhawulo inanoma iyiphi i-ejenti engcolisayo noma uma kudingeka ukupholisha okuhle, noma uma kufanele kube nokuqondana okungcono phakathi kwemicu. Ngemuva kwalokho, iqala ukufudumeza leyo ndawo kuphela, incibilikise i-fiber futhi ngaleyo ndlela ijoyine izinhlamvu zayo. Ukulahleka kwale splice kungu-0.02 dB.

Indima ezodlalwa ikhebula le-fiber optic izonquma ukwakheka kwayo. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe ingasetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukene, zonke izintambo ze-fiber optic zinezinto eziningi ezifanayo, okuyizinto zokubopha okwesibili, imicu yangaphakathi, izinto ezifaka isandla ekuqiniseni nasekwakhiweni kwekhebula, ibhantshi elihlangana ndawonye yonke imicu ye-fiber nezinto zokwakha umswakama.

Kunezinto ezinikezela ukusekelwa ekwakhiweni nasekuqiniseni ikhebula le-fiber optic. Izakhi zokwakhiwa ezisebenza njengesiqondisi esiphakathi sendlela okufanele ilandelwe i-fiber optical. I-fiber ebonakalayo isatshalaliswa ngalesi sakhiwo noma iboshwe ngaso. Ngokuvamile, lezi zakhiwo zineziteshi noma ama-grooves asebenza njengesiqondisi esengeziwe se-fiber optical.

Izakhi zokuqinisa zinikeza ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe kwikhebula le-fiber fiber ukuze kulihlukanise namandla okubambeka lapho kungabekwa khona futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho ukunwebeka okuphawulekayo okungadala ukuqhekeka kuma-cores.

Ekunciphiseni okungaphandle kunezimbangela eziningana, okuyilezi:

Ukulahleka kokumuncwa
Ukulahlekelwa nguRayleigh
Ukuhlakazeka
Ukulahleka kwemisebe
Ukubhangqa ukulahleka

Iziphetho

I-fiber ebonakalayo ngumugqa wokudlulisa ovumele isivinini esikhulu nokusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwedatha namuhla. Noma kungubuchwepheshe okufanele buhambe ibanga elide ukuze bakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlelo ezijwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi kuyindlela enhle yokuxhumana.

Kodwa-ke, i-fiber optics uhlobo olubizayo lobuchwepheshe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile ngoba ludinga imishini namathuluzi we-optical athanda ukubiza kakhulu. Kudinga nokuqeqeshwa okufanelekile ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza ne-fiber optics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwayo kuvame ukuba yinqubo ebucayi kakhulu, futhi ukutholakala kwamakhefu ku-fiber kungadala ukulahleka okukhulu uma kungalashwa ngesikhathi. Ngokwengeziwe, imishini ethile isadinga ukwenziwa ukuze ubuchwepheshe nohlelo kukhanye ngokuphelele, ngoba, ngokwesibonelo, azisekho izinkumbulo ezibonakalayo.

Kuvamile ukuthi amanethiwekhi we-fiber optic abe nezinhlelo zokulondoloza ezifana neringi noma iringi ephindwe kabili, evumela ukuthi uma kwenzeka lezi zigameko imininingwane ingahamba iye kolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kugwemeke ukuphazamiseka kwensizakalo isikhathi eside ngenkathi isimo sixazululiwe.

Izinhlelo ze-fiber optic zithembeke kakhulu ngoba akunakwenzeka ukwephula inethiwekhi ngaphandle kokutholwa noma ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukudluliswa kwedatha. Yingakho kujwayelekile ukubona izintambo ezibonakalayo zifakwa ngaphansi kwamanzi phakathi kwamazwe ahlangene, lapho zidlulisa khona imininingwane ebucayi neyimfihlo.

Yini ehlukanisa i-fiber optics kusuka kweminye imithombo yezinga ledatha namandla okuhambisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqinisekisa ukulahleka okuncane kwemininingwane ngenxa yokuthi inokuncipha okuncane kakhulu entweni yayo eyinhloko, okwenza kungadingeki ukufaka imishini yokubuyisela nokukhulisa eminingi ngaphakathi kohlelo. Njengoba imininingwane ihamba ngejubane lokukhanya, kwenzeke ukubona ukufuduka okukhulu kwezinkampani ezinkulu ziye kulolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe.