Emhlabeni oguquguqukayo wamanethiwekhi wamakhompiyutha, imiqondo ikhona futhi ivela ukuthi, nakuba ingase ibonakale ifihlekile ngokusobala, ihlanganisa izinsika eziyisisekelo zokuxhumanisa okusigcina sixhumekile namuhla. Enye yalezi zinto ezibalulekile yigama elithi “imaski ye-subnet” okungenzeka awukayijwayele kakhulu.. Njengoba siphenya ubunkimbinkimbi bezokuxhumana kwedijithali, sifaka indawo yonke eyenziwe ngedatha kanambambili, amakheli e-IP, namaphrothokholi ahlanganayo ukuze anike amandla ukudluliswa kolwazi kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi akha i-inthanethi yanamuhla.
Ake sicabange isikhashana mayelana nekheli le-IP, lelo lebula lezinombolo elinikezwa idivayisi ngayinye exhunywe kunethiwekhi, njengekheli leposi. Ayigcini ngokukhomba indawo, kodwa ihlanganisa neziqondiso zokuthi ungazulazula kanjani kumanethiwekhi. Yilapho ama-subnet masks edlala khona indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokuxhumana.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sizohlola umkhathi othakazelisayo wamaski we-subnet.. Sizodalula izindima eziyidlalayo ekunikezeni ikheli, umnikelo wayo ekuhlukaniseni amanethiwekhi abe amayunithi alawulekayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ekulawuleni ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi singene ezicini zayo zobuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuhambisana kwayo nesimo sanamuhla sezokuxhumana. Sengikushilo lokho, Lungela ukuveza ukuthi lezi “maski” zikufihla kanjani ngokomfanekiso ukuxaka okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlala ngaphakathi kwamanethiwekhi., evula indlela yokwaziswa ukuze kugeleze ngaphandle kwezithiyo.
Iyini imaski ye-subnet?
Esimweni samanethiwekhi ekhompyutha kanye ne-Internet Protocol (IP), imaski ye-subnet iyithuluzi elisetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ikheli le-IP libe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yenethiwekhi kanye nengxenye yokusingatha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhlele futhi uphathe amakheli e-IP kahle kakhulu.
Amakheli e-IP akhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yenethiwekhi kanye nengxenye yomsingathi. Imaski ye-subnet isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuthi mangaki amabhithi abelwe ingxenye yenethiwekhi nokuthi mangaki engxenyeni yomsingathi.. Izingcezu zemaski ye-subnet zisethelwe ku-"1" engxenyeni yenethiwekhi kanye no-"0" engxenyeni yomsingathi. Uma imaski ye-subnet isetshenziswa ekhelini le-IP, ukusebenza okunengqondo KANYE kwenziwa phakathi kwekheli le-IP kanye nemaski engaphansi ukuze kutholwe ikheli lenethiwekhi elihambisanayo.
Isibonelo, uma unekheli le-IP elithi 192.168.1.10 elinemaski engaphansi engu-255.255.255.0, lokhu kusho ukuthi amabhithi angu-24 okuqala (ama-octet angu-3) asetshenziselwa ukukhomba inethiwekhi kanye namabhithi angu-8 okugcina (1 octet) asetshenziselwa khomba amadivayisi kuleyo nethiwekhi.
Amamaski e-Subnet abalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, ukuhlukanisa amanethiwekhi abe ama-subnets amancane, nokuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwekheli le-IP kumanethiwekhi amakhulu.. Futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwephrothokholi ye-IPv4. Ngokwamukelwa okwandayo kwe-IPv6, imaski ye-subnet ithathelwa indawo "iziqalo zenethiwekhi," ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo kuphrothokholi entsha.
Ayini amaphrothokholi e-IPV4 kanye ne-IPV6?
I-Internet Protocol version 4 (IPV4) iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana ebalulekile esetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi ekhompiyutha ukuhlonza nokwenza umzila amadivayisi ku-inthanethi.. Bekuyinguqulo yokuqala eyamukelwa kabanzi ye-Internet Protocol futhi yabeka isisekelo sokuxhumanisa umhlaba wonke esikwaziyo namuhla.
I-IPv4 isebenzisa amakheli e-IP ukuhlonza ngokukhethekile amadivayisi axhunywe kumanethiwekhi.. Ikheli le-IPv4 liqukethe amabhithi angu-32, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane amabhithi angu-8 ngalinye, aziwa ngokuthi ama-octet. I-octet ngayinye imelelwa ngedesimali futhi ihlukaniswa nezikhathi. Isibonelo, ikheli le-IPv4 lingase libe into efana nokuthi "192.168.1.1".
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokukhula okunamandla kwe-inthanethi kanye nokwanda kwemishini exhunyiwe, Amakheli e-IPv4 aphelile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Njengoba amadivayisi andayo ayedinga ukuxhumeka, ukuhlinzekwa okulinganiselwe kwamakheli e-IPv4 kube inkinga.
I-IPv6 (inguqulo 6 ye-Internet Protocol) yethulwa ukuze kubhekwane nale nkinga ngokuhlinzeka ngendawo yamakheli enkulu kakhulu. ngokusebenzisa amakheli e-IPv6 angu-128-bit uma kuqhathaniswa ne-32-bit IPv4. Lokhu kuvumela cishe inombolo engapheli yamakheli e-IP, okubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokwanda kwamadivayisi enkathini ye-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT) kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke.
Nakuba i-IPv6 isemgudwini wokuqalisa kancane kancane nokwamukelwa, I-IPv4 isasetshenziswa kabanzi kumanethiwekhi amaningi futhi isasebenza nanamuhla.. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi i-IPv4 ne-IPv6 yizinguqulo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-Internet Protocol, futhi zihlala ndawonye kumanethiwekhi amaningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nokushintshela ku-IPv6.
Asetshenziswa kanjani ama-subnet masks?
Imaski ye-subnet iyithuluzi elibalulekile kumanethiwekhi wekhompyutha. esetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa inethiwekhi ibe ama-subnet amancane. Ngolimi oluncane lobuchwepheshe, imaski ye-subnet ingaqhathaniswa nelebula elisetshenziselwa ukukhomba amaqembu wamadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Cabanga ukuthi unenethiwekhi enkulu enamadivayisi amaningi axhunyiwe, njengamakhompyutha, amaphrinta, namafoni. Imaski ye-subnet ikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise le nethiwekhi ngamaqembu amancane.. Iqembu ngalinye, noma i-subnet, ingaba nemithetho yayo yenethiwekhi nezilungiselelo. Lokhu kungaba usizo ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:
- Ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi: Ngokuxhumanisa inethiwekhi yakho, ungakwazi ukulawula kangcono futhi ulawule ithrafikhi yedatha. Ungasetha imikhawulo yomkhawulokudonsa kanye nokuhamba phambili kwethrafikhi ku-subnet ngayinye, okusiza ukugwema ukuminyana futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi iyonke.
- Ukuphepha: Amamaski e-Subnet nawo asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kunethiwekhi. Ungasebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezithile ku-subnet ngayinye, njengokuvimbela noma ukuvumela izinhlobo ezithile zethrafikhi. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela idatha namadivayisi ekuhlaselweni okungaba khona noma ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
- Inhlangano kanye nokukala: Uma unenethiwekhi ekhula njalo, imaski ye-subnet ikuvumela ukuthi uhlele futhi uphathe amadivayisi ngempumelelo kakhudlwana. Ungakwazi ukwengeza ama-subnets amasha njengoba kudingeka, okwenza kube lula ukunweba nokukala inethiwekhi yakho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Lapho unquma ukuthi iyiphi imaski ye-subnet ongayisebenzisa, kubalulekile ukucabangela inombolo yamadivayisi ozoba nawo ku-subnet ngayinye kanye nenani lamakheli e-IP adingekayo.